how did the countries come into existence
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At first, there were small communities of humans, and all the lands between those islands of settlement were unclaimed wilderness. The time and effort it would take to patrol that area and keep others from using it was not deemed economically feasible by whatever economic metrics they used in prehistory, but the definition of that boundary was often rather hazy. Over time, successful settlements grew and expanded the territory they controlled through whatever form of government organization they used. When expanding settlements were located in close proximity to each other, eventually the territories they controlled would run into each other. At this border, there may have been military or diplomatic skirmishes, and a more well-defined border was defined, and sometimes documented in treaties. A community that was hemmed in on all sides might have been what we now call a city-state. But if a handful of neighboring city-states got along peaceably most of the time, they might work out an arrangement where they could open their borders and share resources more thoroughly, and implement a higher level of government to help coordinate and manage that. Lo and behold, they have then formed a country.
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