How did the first world war contribute in the development of national movement in india?
Answers
1.The war created a new economic and political situation. It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which
was financed by war loans and increasing taxes: customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.
2.Through the war years prices increased – doubling between 1913 and 1918 – leading to extreme hardship for
the common people.
3.Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
4.Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food.
5.This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people
perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.
People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over.
Answer:
Explanation:
For decades the Indian contribution to the Allied war effort in the First World War has received little interest. In a postcolonial world the names of Indians who died in the conflict and are memorialised across the world in cemeteries maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission were an uncomfortable reminder in both Britain and the Indian subcontinent of men who had fought for the Empire’s cause. In India in particular there is little existing memory that nearly 1.5 million Indians fought in the First World War. This is slowly changing as the centenary of the war has brought renewed interest in the experience of colonial Indian soldiers, especially amongst the Indian diaspora in Britain. Yet, while the story of Indian troops in battle is one that is generating interest, what is harder to piece together is the impact the war had on India itself.
When the war broke out, a large number of Indian nationalists vocally came out in support of and campaigned for the war effort. Contributing to the war, they believed, would allow Indian to demand greater freedoms from Great Britain. For a large section of the political establishment complete independence was not on the agenda at the time. Instead they aspired to home rule and a style of government similar to Britain’s white dominions. As the Congress leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak took to saying, “Purchase war debentures but look at them as title deeds of Home Rule”.
The war years were also witness to increased political turbulence with intensifying revolutionary activity, particularly on the part of the revolutionary Ghadar movement which aimed to gain India’s independence, by violence if necessary. The war had drained India of troops and at one point a mere 15,000 soldiers were physically present in the subcontinent. For revolutionaries, like the Ghadar, this weakness was ripe for exploiting and their violent activities flourished – particularly in Punjab and Bengal.
To curtail an anti-government propaganda the British reacted with a battery of repressive measures that were given legal standing through the Defence of India Act, which was passed in 1915 despite strong nationalist objections. Under the act, local authorities had more power to prevent rumours, deal with incitement of ‘hatred’ and make wholesale arrests.
As discontent in India continued to swell the government enacted the repressive Rowlatt Act in March 1919. The Act aimed to extend indefinitely the wartime restrictions on civil liberties through a system of special courts and detention without trial and was met with near unanimous political opposition. In reaction Mahatma Gandhi launched his first mass civil disobedience movement. And it was in reaction to the Act that on 13 April a peaceful, unarmed crowd gathered in Amritsar’s Jallianwalla Bagh and was subsequently shot at under the orders of Brigadier General Reginald Dyer, without any provocation “to produce a moral effect”.
If the war was crucial in changing the political climate in the country its impact on individual veterans was no less important. The war did have an impact on the development of a political consciousness among some former soldiers and while the extent of this is hard to document colonial archives do tell us that former soldiers did play a role in the burgeoning national movement. For many Indian troops the war was an experience that broadened their horizons and increased their knowledge of the world – they had been exposed to new geographies, cultures and ideas and this impacted the way they negotiated life in India as well.
1.The war created a new economic and political situation. It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which
was financed by war loans and increasing taxes: customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.
2.Through the war years prices increased – doubling between 1913 and 1918 – leading to extreme hardship for
the common people.
3.Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
4.Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food.
5.This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people
perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.
People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over.
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