How did the First World War help in the growth of the National Movement in India?
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- The defense expenditure had increased.
- War loans were taken and more taxes were imposed.
- Custom duties were raised.
- Income tax was introduced.
- The rise in prices led to extreme hardships for the people.
- There was widespread discontentment in the rural area due to forced recruitment of soldiers.
- In 1918-19 and 1920-21 crops failed in many parts of India resulting in acute shortages of food.
- There was influenza epidemic too. According to the Census of 1921, twelve to thirteen million people perished as a result of famines and epidemics. People thought that their hardships and suffering would come to an end after the war but that did not happen. So these factors were responsible for the rise of nationalism in India.
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The Jallianwala Bagh massacre: A public meeting was announced for the 13th April 1919, at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar to protest against the Rowlatt Act. The people were allowed to assemble there. After they had gathered there in thousands, General Dyer marched there with armoured cars and troops. Without giving any warning to the people to disperse, he ordered firing on the unarmed, and peaceful people. The casualties among the Indians were very heavy. Dyer’s purpose in doing so was to ‘produce a moral effect’, to create in the minds of Satyagrahis, a feeling of terror and awe. This massacre of innocent people in thousands converted Mahatma Gandhi into a non-cooperator.
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