How did the French Revolution go from moderation to radicalism over just a few years? Please give me sources too if you can.
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In many ways, the French Revolution is the culmination of the Enlightenment. The moment its ideas and debates hit the streets and became matters of life and death. The Revolution is the Enlightenment achieved and the Enlightenment in Power. Practically everyone who lived through that understood it to be the case.
Without the Enlightenment you would have no Revolution, and without the Revolution, the Enlightenment would have remained primarily confined to a small minority of educated notables and worthies and stuff like liberty, democracy, rights of man, would have no popular life.
Robert Darnton’s The Literary Underground of the Old Regime explained this in detail. Basically the Revolution was made possible by the fact that Paris, the center of the Revolution, had a completely literate male population and a good number of women too. In the years leading to the revolution, many of the popular reading was black-market publications of the Encyclopedists, Rousseau, Voltaire and others published in pirated books, printed in places like Neuchatel Switzerland.
The main work of Enlightenment during the Revolution was Thomas Paine’s The Age of Reason, written when Paine was imprisoned during the terror. And what Paine did was put forth intellectual critiques of Christianity in common everyday language and that became a bestseller. That would not have been possible before the Revolution since most of the Enlightenment intellectuals (Voltaire, Rousseau, Adam Smith) wrote for the cognoscenti, but Paine believed that such ideas would interest the common newly literate too.
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