How did the Great Depression relate to totalitarianism in Europe?
The rise of totalitarian leaders caused the Great Depression.
Totalitarian leaders lost power after the onset of the Great Depression.
The start of the Great Depression intensified the cruelty of totalitarian regimes.
Europeans turned to totalitarianism when the Great Depression worsened economic hardships.
Answers
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Europeans turned to totalitarianism when the Great Depression worsened economic hardships
The Great Depression was a collapse of international networks and global production and distribution
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World War I profoundly disrupted European
and American society. The mass destruction caused by the war
changed ideas about nations and people. Many people felt a sense of
anxiety and concern for the future. New scientific discoveries added to
the concern. A journalist writing in 1938 noted that, “Marx, Freud,
[and] Einstein all conveyed the same message to the 1920s: the world
was not what it seemed. The senses [that] shaped our ideas of time and distance, right and
wrong, law and justice, and the nature of man’s behaviour in society, were not to be trusted.”
The Effects of Scientific Events and Ideas
The Effects of Scientific Events and Ideas In the wake of World War I
In the wake of World War I, with its mass destruction and wholesale slaughter, many
people lost faith in the Enlightenment ideal of ongoing human progress. They felt a
sense of disconnection and doubt about the future. New events and ideas in science
raised even stronger doubts about the predictable nature of the world.
A global epidemic:
Although the death and destruction of World War I was difficult
for many people to accept, at least they understood what had caused most battlefield
deaths. In the midst of the fighting, however, the world was hit by a mysterious illness
that caused more deaths than the war itself and showed how little doctors still under-
stood about disease.
In the spring of 1918 many soldiers fighting in France began to complain of flu-
like symptoms. The disease spread, but few patients died from it. Then, in the summer
and fall of 1918, a second, more deadly wave of this flu appeared and quickly became
global in nature. In all, three waves of the influenza pandemic hit the world between
1918 and 1919. A pandemic is an epidemic that occurs over a large geographic area and affects a significant portion of the population. The disease spread with terrifying speed, in part because of the rapid movement of people during the global war. At the time, many doctors referred to it as the “Spanish influenza”because news of the deadly disease spread quickly throughout Spain, where wartime censorship was limited. No inhabited continent was safe from this flu, which quickly spread into the civilian population. It could kill some victims within two or three days of the first sign of symptoms. Doctors still knew relatively little about how such illnesses developed and spread. They were unable to overcome the deadly disease. Then, just as mysteriously as it had appeared, this strain of influenza disappeared, and the pandemic stopped. It is uncertain exactly how many people died from the influenza pandemic, but most estimates put the death toll well above 20 million.
Scientific and social theories:
Events like the influenza pandemic increased many people’s feelings that the world was a frightening and unpredictable place. Some looked to the ideas of Sigmund Freud, founder of the modern field of psychology, to ease some of this uncertainty. Freud’s claim that the unconscious—not the rational mind—often controlled people’s actions seemed to explain many confusing and irrational events in life.
Some people used Freud’s ideas to understand the dreadful destruction of World War I
and the continued uneasiness that confronted people around the world.
Other people looked to scientific theories to support their disillusion with the
attitudes that some felt had led to war. People who believed that social standards of
morality or artistic taste were not absolute pointed to Albert Einstein’s argument that
even such definite concepts as motion, space, and time were relative. These people
argued that values differ greatly in different societies. No one could say that one set of
principles was good for all groups. This idea became known as moral relativism.