How did the Land Reform Acts addressed in India?
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Answer :-
introduction-
Land reform usually refers to redistribution of land from the rich to the poor. More
broadly, it includes regulation of ownership, operation, leasing, sales, and inheritance of
land (indeed, the redistribution of land itself requires legal changes). In an agrarian
economy like India with great scarcity, and an unequal distribution, of land, coupled with
a large mass of the rural population below the poverty line, there are compelling
economic and political arguments for land reform. Not surprisingly, it received top
priority on the policy agenda at the time of Independence. In the decades following
independence India passed a significant body of land reform legislation. The 1949
Constitution left the adoption and implementation of land and tenancy reforms to state
governments. This led to a lot of variation in the implementation of these reforms across
states and over time, a fact that has been utilized in empirical studies trying to understand
the causes and effects of land reform.
Economic arguments in favour of land reform -
The most obvious argument in favour of land reform is equity. In a land-scarce country
with a significant section of the rural population below the poverty line, the case for
ensuring that everyone has access to some minimum amount of land seems compelling
from this point of view. However, this is a general argument in favour of redistribution,
not necessarily redistribution in kind (i.e., land). To make that case, one needs to
understand the economic forces that govern the allocation of land.
Indian evidence on the causes and effects of land reform -
The two key empirical questions are: what is the effect of land reform on productivity
and poverty, and what are the factors that drive its success? These are clearly inter-
dependent: factors that affect the success of land reform are also likely to affect
productivity and poverty. For example, if a left-wing administration comes to power, as it
did in Kerala and West Bengal, it will implement land reforms more actively and also
implement other reforms (e.g., empowering local governments) that might have a direct
effect on productivity and poverty. The challenge is to isolate the effect of land reforms.
conclusion -
In this essay we reviewed the economic arguments in favour of land reform and showed
that they are based on frictions in the allocation of land. These frictions could either be
due to agency costs or imperfect property rights. We then evaluated the evidence on land
reforms in India. The evidence suggests that land reforms had a negative effect on
poverty, while the effect on productivity is mixed. In states where these measures were
strongly implemented, the effect of land reform on productivity seems positive.
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Answer:
Land reform legislation in India consisted of four main categories: abolition of intermediaries who were rent collectors under the pre-Independence land revenue system; tenancy regulation that attempts to improve the contractual terms faced by tenants, including crop shares and security of tenure; a ceiling on .
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