Question

How did the use of iron in transport and where fair help in the progress of Civilization after the bronze age

Answer 1

CHAPTER 1
MATERIALS AND SOCIETY
INTRODUCTION
The field of materials is immense and diverse. Historically, it began with the emergence of man himself, and materials gave name to the ages of civilization. Today, the field logically encompasses the lonely prospector and the advanced instrumented search for oil; it spreads from the furious flame of the oxygen steelmaking furnace to the quiet cold electrodeposition of copper; from the massive rolling mill producing steel rails to the craftsman hammering out a chalice or a piece of jewelry; from the smallest chip of an electronic device to the largest building made by man; from the common paper-bag to the titanium shell of a space ship; from the clearest glass to carbon black; from liquid mercury to the hardest diamond; from superconductors to insulators; from the room-temperature casting plastics to infusible refractories (except they can be melted today); from milady’s stocking to the militant’s bomb; from the sweating blacksmith to the cloistered contemplating scholar who once worried about the nature of matter and now tries to calculate the difference between materials.

Materials by themselves do nothing; yet without materials man can do nothing. Nature itself is a self-ordered structure which developed through time by the utilization of the same properties of atomic hierarchy that man presides over in his simple constructions.

One of the hallmarks of modern industrialized society is our increasing extravagance in the use of materials. We use more materials than ever before, and we use them up faster. Indeed, it has been postulated that, assuming current trends in world production and population growth, the materials requirements for the next decade and a half could equal all the materials used throughout history up to date.1 This expanding use of materials is itself revolutionary, and hence forms an integral part of the “materials revolution” of our times.

1

The most popular—and most terrifying-of the projections prophesying dire results of the current trends in materials use in relation to present rates of population growth is to be found in the report of the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind. See Donella H.Meadows, Dennis L. Meadows, Jorgen Randers, and William W.W.Behrens III, The Limits to Growth, Universe Books, New York (1972).

Answer 2

Read economic textbook chapter globalisation and Indian economy