Question

How did towns and cities emerge in the Vedic Age? Mention some of them

Answer 1

The Vedas were composed and orally transmitted with precision by speakers of an Old Indo-Aryan language who had migratedinto the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent early in this period. The associated Vedic culture was tribal and pastoral until c. 1200 or 1100 BCE and centred in the Punjab. It then spread eastward to the western Ganges Plain, becoming more agricultural and settled, while the central Ganges Plain was dominated by a related but non-Vedic Indo-Aryan culture. The Vedic period saw the emergence of a hierarchy of social classes and the coalescence of peoples into Janapada (monarchical state-level polities).[2][3] The end of the Vedic period witnessed the rise of Mahajanapada (large, urbanised states) as well as śramaṇamovements (including Jainism and Buddhism) which challenged the Vedic orthodoxy of the Kuru Kingdom.[4]
The Vedic society was patriarchal and patrilineal, and early Vedic Aryans were organised into tribes rather than kingdoms. Economy in the Vedic period was sustained by a combination of pastoralism and agriculture. Vedic religion developed into Brahmanical orthodoxy, and around the beginning of the Common Era, the Vedic tradition formed one of the main constituents of the so-called "Hindu synthesis".[5]
Archaeological cultures identified with phases of Vedic material culture include the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture, the Gandhara grave culture, the Black and red ware culture and the Painted Grey Ware culture.[6]

Answer 2

Answer:

The Vedic period, or Vedic age (c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE), is the period in the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age of the history of India when the Vedas were composed in the northern Indian subcontinent, between the end of the urban Indus Valley Civilisation and a second urbanisation which began in the central Indo-Gangetic Plain c. 600 BCE. The Vedas are liturgical texts which formed the basis of the influential Brahmanical ideology, which developed in the Kuru Kingdom, a tribal union of several Indo-Aryan tribes. The Vedas contain details of life during this period that have been interpreted to be historical[1][note 1] and constitute the primary sources for understanding the period. These documents, alongside the corresponding archaeological record, allow for the evolution of the Indo-Aryan and Vedic culture to be traced and inferred.[2]

Early Vedic period

Early Vedic Culture (1700-1100 BCE).png

Geographical range

Indian subcontinent

Period

Bronze Age India

Dates

c. 1500 – c. 1100 BCE

Preceded by

Indus Valley Civilisation

Followed by

Late Vedic period, Kuru Kingdom, Panchala, Videha

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