How different crop production is related with climate in india?
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1. Introduction
Global food security threatened by climate change is one of the most important challenges in the 21st century to supply sufficient food for the increasing population while sustaining the already stressed environment [1]. Climate change has already caused significant impacts on water resources, food security, hydropower, human health especially for African countries, as well as to the whole world [2]. Studies on climate impacts and adaptation strategies are increasingly becoming major areas of scientific concern, e.g. impacts on the production of crops such as maize, wheat and rice [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], water resources in the river basin catchments [10], [11], [12], [13], forests [14], industry [15] and the native landscape [16], [17]. Crop productivity and soil water balance have been studied with crop growth models by using parameters from different climate models. Meanwhile, climate variability is one of the most significant factors influencing year to year crop production, even in high-yield and high-technology agricultural areas. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the risks associated with climate change, which will increase uncertainty with respect to food production [18]. Water availability will be one of the limiting constraints for crop production and food security. Fujihara et al. [19] pointed out that water scarcity will not occur if water demand does not increase; however, if the irrigated area is expanded under present irrigation efficiency rates, water scarcity will occur. Therefore, it is urgent to determine the impacts of climate change on crop production and water resources in order to develop possible adaptation strategies.
The objective of this paper is to review the role of global climate models and crop growth models for the study of climate change impacts on crop growth, crop yield and soil water balance under different future climate conditions. It is intended to provide useful background information for scientists as well as policy makers who are interested in understanding the impacts of climate change on irrigated agriculture and food security and to devise suitable adaptation options.
2. Climate scenarios and models
A climate scenario is a reasonable description of the future climate based on a range of climatological relationships and assumptions of radioactive forcing [20]. It can be visualized by global climate models (GCMs) and regional climate models (RCMs), which are complicated three-dimensional mathematical representations to show the processes of interactions between the atmosphere, land surface, oceans and sea ice which resulted from climate [21]. Climate projections should be considered as efficient methods to figure out the possible futures under given particular emission scenarios rather than a forecasting tool [22]. GCMs are useful tools to simulate the important aspects of current and future climates although they still have significant errors [23]. Table 1 shows a chronological summary of GCMs used for climate scenario projections. The GCMs with higher spatial resolutions can perform reasonable regional climate simulations, consequently, they provide climate scientists with the ability to acquire better insights into climate change impacts on a regional scale and estimate the impacts of the climate change on crop production [21]. Blenkinsop and Fowler [24]suggested that RCMs have some trouble when they are used to reproduce the observed duration of low sensitivity monthly rainfall amounts.
Hope it will help you
Global food security threatened by climate change is one of the most important challenges in the 21st century to supply sufficient food for the increasing population while sustaining the already stressed environment [1]. Climate change has already caused significant impacts on water resources, food security, hydropower, human health especially for African countries, as well as to the whole world [2]. Studies on climate impacts and adaptation strategies are increasingly becoming major areas of scientific concern, e.g. impacts on the production of crops such as maize, wheat and rice [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], water resources in the river basin catchments [10], [11], [12], [13], forests [14], industry [15] and the native landscape [16], [17]. Crop productivity and soil water balance have been studied with crop growth models by using parameters from different climate models. Meanwhile, climate variability is one of the most significant factors influencing year to year crop production, even in high-yield and high-technology agricultural areas. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the risks associated with climate change, which will increase uncertainty with respect to food production [18]. Water availability will be one of the limiting constraints for crop production and food security. Fujihara et al. [19] pointed out that water scarcity will not occur if water demand does not increase; however, if the irrigated area is expanded under present irrigation efficiency rates, water scarcity will occur. Therefore, it is urgent to determine the impacts of climate change on crop production and water resources in order to develop possible adaptation strategies.
The objective of this paper is to review the role of global climate models and crop growth models for the study of climate change impacts on crop growth, crop yield and soil water balance under different future climate conditions. It is intended to provide useful background information for scientists as well as policy makers who are interested in understanding the impacts of climate change on irrigated agriculture and food security and to devise suitable adaptation options.
2. Climate scenarios and models
A climate scenario is a reasonable description of the future climate based on a range of climatological relationships and assumptions of radioactive forcing [20]. It can be visualized by global climate models (GCMs) and regional climate models (RCMs), which are complicated three-dimensional mathematical representations to show the processes of interactions between the atmosphere, land surface, oceans and sea ice which resulted from climate [21]. Climate projections should be considered as efficient methods to figure out the possible futures under given particular emission scenarios rather than a forecasting tool [22]. GCMs are useful tools to simulate the important aspects of current and future climates although they still have significant errors [23]. Table 1 shows a chronological summary of GCMs used for climate scenario projections. The GCMs with higher spatial resolutions can perform reasonable regional climate simulations, consequently, they provide climate scientists with the ability to acquire better insights into climate change impacts on a regional scale and estimate the impacts of the climate change on crop production [21]. Blenkinsop and Fowler [24]suggested that RCMs have some trouble when they are used to reproduce the observed duration of low sensitivity monthly rainfall amounts.
Hope it will help you
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