Question

How do gravitons make time go slower?

Answer 1

From the standpoint of feeling, time has an arrow from past to future. This attitude is consistent with classical mechanics and thermodynamics, but is not compatible with relativity and quantum mechanics. Here let's have a detail discussion about the physical nature of time. The result is an accurate tool that can enable us to answer many problem about the time and fast-time, slow-time and space-time.
Time is one of the most complex concepts that usually the human mind has been preoccupied about it. Scientists and philosophers have struggled to identify and explain the nature of time. However, still there is no definition for physical definition of time, and it is still just a scientific undefined quantity . "It would be nice if we could find a good definition of time."
Richard Feynman said . With naivety about time, time is passing from past to the future which from all eternity would last forever. This is exactly the simplified form of the absolute time of Newtonian physics. Although, the nature of time was intended, but do we really have anything for time except the clock and its ticking.
Thermodynamics and time
From viewpoint of sub quantum thermodynamics, any system with inherent power P works on the physical environment, so its content of energy is not constant. Therefore, from thermodynamic viewpoint all systems experience passing time. Then it is acceptable that by thermodynamic insight to the time,
thermodynamic time is oriented and from the past to the future .
Relativity and time
In general relativity, a clocks in a gravitational fields run slow compared to clocks not in gravitational field. Also the stronger the gravitational field the slower the clock runs. General relativity (such as special relativity) only speaks about the slowing of clocks.
Essentially, in relativity, it is not discussed about physical nature of time. Discussion about nature of time was proposed after philosophy in quantum mechanics.
Quantum mechanics and time
In quantum mechanics, quantity of time is proposed in a more fundamental style. For example, in standard model a photon that moves with constant speed of limit c, does not experience " time passing ".
Moreover, some theories based on quantum mechanics do not accept the existence of time in quantum scales.
So this question arises: what is the properties of a particle that could be really a fundamental particle? In CPH theory, a fundamental particle is a particle that is not decayed under any condition or is not convertible into other particles. Such a particle must be constant mass (energy), therefore, the value of speed must not change.
By this definition of fundamental particles, that standard model presents, particles are not fundamental, because their masses are not constant and they are convertible to energy. For instance, electron and positron absorb each other and convert to energy. This phenomenon holds for other fundamental particles in standard model even for photon, because energy photon is variable (for example in gravitational field and Compton effect)) and in pair production, a high-energy photon converts to electron-positron. As the same way, it can be shown that even photon experiences time passing. In fact, a fundamental particle must not experiences time passing, and all other particles are made of it even quantum fields.
Sub quantum energy and time
Quantum mechanics and relativity work in
quantum scales and high speeds near to speed of light, but they are unable to explain beyond that. The problems of modern physics is due to this reason that these theories have been stopped in the boundary between speed of light and faster than light and also in quantum scales. If we want analyze the effect of gravity on time, we must see the gravity of what is formed. And also what is relation between gravity and photon, because in quantum photon does not experience " time passing ".
In quantum mechanics, the concept of a point-like particle is complicated by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, because even an elementary particle, with no internal structure, occupies a nonzero volume. According to the quantum mechanics that photon and electron are unstructured particle, we cannot answer the unanswered questions.
There are many articles that show, photon has
upper limit mass and electric charge , which are consistent with experimental observations. Theories and experiments have not limited to photons and graviton will also be included. For gravity there have been vigorous debates about even the concept of graviton rest mass .
In recent decades, the structure of photon is discussed and physicists are studying the photon structure . Some evidence shows the photon consists of a positive and a negative charges . In addition, new experiment shows that the probability of absorption at each moment depends

Answer 2

In the classical view of General Relativity, time moves slower near massive objects where the gravitational field (spacetime curvature) is stronger. In the quantum view however, the gravitational force is produced by the quantum field represented by gravitons as its gauge bosons.