how do penguins depends upon to maintain their body temperature?
Answers
Answer:
Penguins have to keep high body temperatures to remain active. They have thick skin and lots of fat (blubber) under their skin to keep warm in cold weather. They also huddle together with their friends to keep warm. ... Penguins tightly packed feathers overlap to provide waterproofing and warmth.
"Some types of animals employ physiological mechanisms to maintain a constant body temperature, and two categories are commonly distinguished: the term "cold-blooded" is understood to refer to reptiles and invertebrates, and "warm-blooded" is generally applied to mammals and birds.
These terms, however, are imprecise; the more accurate terms, ectotherm for cold-blooded and endotherm for warm-blooded, are more useful in describing the thermal capabilities of these animals. Ectotherms rely on external sources of heat to regulate their body temperatures, and endotherms thermoregulate by generating heat internally.
Endotherms maintain body temperature independently of the environment by the metabolic production of heat. They generate heat internally and control passive heat loss by varying the quality of their insulation or by repositioning themselves to alter their effective surface area (i.e., curling into a tight ball). If heat loss exceeds heat generation, metabolism increases to make up the loss. If heat generation exceeds the rate of loss, mechanisms to increase heat loss by evaporation occur. In either case, behavioural mechanisms can be employed to seek a more suitable thermal environment.
To survive for a limited period in adverse conditions, endotherms may employ a combination of behavioural and physiological mechanisms. In cold weather, which requires an increase in energy consumption, the animal may enter a state of torpor in which its body temperature, metabolism, respiratory rate, and heart rate are depressed. Long-term winter hypothermia, or hibernation, is an extended state of torpor that some animals use as a response to cold conditions. Torpor and hibernation free the animals from energetically expensive maintenance of high body temperatures, saving energy when food is limited."
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"Body temperature depends upon a balance between heat production and heat loss. In human beings, an elaborate system maintains temperature within a narrow range despite wide variations in heat production or environmental temperature.
Each organ in the body contributes to heat production. The brain and muscles produce about one-sixth of the body's heat, the viscera one-sixth, and the heart one-tenth. During exercise, heat production by muscle can increase markedly.
Body heat may be lost through radiation, evaporation, convection, or conduction. In general, 60 percent of total heat loss occurs by radiation from the body's surface at a rate affected by the rate of blood flow to the skin's surface. Evaporation is the method of heat loss that can be regulated most readily; the sweat glands can dissipate as many as 1,700 kilocalories per hour. Insulation provided by fat and by intact skin acts to maintain normal body temperature when the body is exposed to cold or warm environments.
The thermoregulatory region of the human brain is called the hypothalamus. Chemical substances called prostaglandins may serve as molecular transmitters of stimuli to the area of the hypothalamus concerned with temperature control. Elevation in the temperature of blood going to the hypothalamus is the most important factor in the central control of body temperature, initiating heat loss by causing dilation of blood vessels and increasing heat loss by sweating."
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