how do subsystems affect living organism
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Answer:
The previous page presented an architectural structure that defines three levels of living systems, each of which is made up of subsystems. Within that framework, details of the subsystem functions will now be delineated in terms of an individual living system's internal structure. For this purpose, a shift in perspective is needed where two views are maintained side-by-side.
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Of the four analysis techniques previously presented, Systems Theory portrays the living system and its subsystems from an external perspective that ignores internal structure details. The other three techniques (Aggregate Object Concept, Organizational Theory, and Governance Control) provide the basis for an internal structural perspective that employs an aggregate object concept to portray the relationships of governance, organization units and components.
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External System View
The breakdown of a system into subsystems is more conceptual than physical, because it relates to the overall system's emergent properties once it has been designed and constructed. For example, an airplane's system requirements may be described in terms of lift, thrust, steering, landing, passenger accommodating, etc. These functional specifications may be thought of as the design requirements to meet the purpose of the system.
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Internal Structure View
The breakdown of a system's internal physical structure relates to its physical parts and the actions they can take. Using the airplane example, these would be body, wings, engine, rudder, landing gear, etc. These physical "organs" have been physically designed and constructed to fulfill the conceptual functional requirements of the system. The set of physical organs does not necessarily match the set of functional requirements one-to-one, as long as all requirements are fulfilled.
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Some Definitions
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A living system is made up of a set of functional subsystems, a governance mechanism, various organization units, and an array of components.
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Subsystems define the life functions that must be performed to sustain the living system's internal health and existence in its changing environment.
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Governance is a special kind of control subsystem that monitors the living system's situation, in terms of both in it's external environment and its internal conditions, initiating functional action by the organization units as-needed for survival and to maintain internal homeostasis.
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Organization Units interpret governance directions and translate them into the specialized component actions that are required to fulfill them.
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Components perform the actual specialized work, as prescribed by their roles and current assignments within the organization units. Superorganism components are organisms, organism components are cells, and cell components are biomolecules.
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Governance has no direct contact with the components. Instead, governance control initiatives and directions are played out across the organization units which, in turn, translate them into specific physical work assignments for the components to perform.
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Subsystem Life Functions
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It is relatively easy to give examples of life functions for a particular level and kind of living system. For example, in an organism, its organs ingest and process food, distribute the results where needed throughout the body, gather and extrude of waste material, etc. Using the three-level architectural schema, the life functions have been categorized and compared across all three levels of living system. The conclusion reached here is that eukaryotic-based living organisms all have the same inherent structure, and based on their evolution from the same original cell:
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Every Living System Must Have the Same Basic Architectural Structure
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Building on this concept, the list of standardized subsystem functions shown in following table has been adapted from the original work on living systems by James Grier Miller. Although subject to further refinement, it is presented here to illustrate what a comprehensive list of the functionality necessary for life must look like. For each subsystem function, three examples of participating organization units are shown, one each from the cell, organism, and superorganism levels of living system. Note that
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