Question

How do the marginalized groups fight against discrimination?

Answer 1

Discrimination can both cause poverty and be a hurdle in alleviating poverty. Even in countries where there have significant gains toward achieving the MDGs, inequalities have grown. The MDGs have supported aggregate progress—often without acknowledging the importance of investing in the most marginalized and excluded, or giving due credit to governments and institutions which do ensure that development benefits these populations. Recognition of this shortcoming in the MDGs has brought an increasing awareness of the importance of working to reverse growing economic inequalities through the post-2015 framework, and a key element of this must be actively working to dismantle discrimination.[ii]

The post-2015 framework should be grounded in afundamental guarantee of equality and non-discrimination. Under international law, this requires states to identify and eliminate discrimination and ensure equality. This may require legislative or administrative reform to repeal discriminatory provisions or address discriminatory practices by the government or private actors, a change in resource allocation, or educational measures. The post-2015 frameworkshould embody the responsibility of states, when acting together or alone, to take proactive measures to identify and address entrenched discrimination, both direct and indirect. Itshould embody the responsibility of states, international institutions, and corporations to avoid and remedy discrimination for which they are directly or indirectly responsible. The framework should go some way toward achieving this by including goals, targets, and indicators directed at reducing discrimination and ensuring that the social and economic needs of the most marginalized communities are being addressed fairly, and at reducing wealth inequalities more broadly.

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Answer 2

The right to education is universal and does not allow for any form of exclusion or discrimination. However, all countries face challenges guaranteeing equal opportunities for all in accessing education and within education systems. Marginalised groups are often left behind by national educational policies, denying many people their right to education.

Although thinking about 'groups' can be helpful, groups tend to be heterogenous. For instance, the group 'women and girls', composed of half the world's population, is highly diverse. It includes women and girls from rich and poor backgrounds, girls with impairments, Indigenous girls, girls living in rural areas, etc. and any combination thereof. Each women experiences discrimination and inequality in a unique way depending on her idenity and other factors. A feature of marginalisation is that people who are marginalised are very likely to be subject to multiple layers of discrimination.

Non-discrimination and equality are key human rights that apply to the right to education. States have the obligation to implement these principles at national level. National laws can prohibit discrimination and create an environment enabling greater equity. Furthermore, affirmative action and promotional measures are often necessary in order to eliminate existing inequalities and disparities in education.