How do we know that the Harappan civilization was an urban culture
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Harappa is an archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan, about 24 km (15 mi) west of Sahiwal. The site takes its name from a modern village located near the former course of the Ravi River which now runs 8 km (5.0 mi) in north. The current village of Harappa is less than 1 km (0.62 mi) from the ancient site. Although modern Harappa has a legacy railway station from the period of the British Raj, it is a small crossroads town of 15,000 people today.
The site of the ancient city contains the ruins of a Bronze Age fortified city, which was part of the Indus Valley Civilization centered in Sind and the Punjab, and then the Cemetery H culture. The city is believed to have had as many as 23,500 residents and occupied about 150 hectares (370 acres) with clay brick houses at its greatest extent during the Mature Harappan phase (2600 BC – 1900 BC), which is considered large for its time. Per archaeological convention of naming a previously unknown civilization by its first excavated site, the Indus Valley Civilization is also called the Harappan Civilization.
The ancient city of Harappa was heavily damaged under British rule, when bricks from the ruins were used as track ballast in the construction of the Lahore–Multan Railway. In 2005, a controversial amusement park scheme at the site was abandoned when builders unearthed many archaeological artifacts during the early stages of building work.[4] A plea from the Pakistani archaeologist Mohit Prem Kumar to the Ministry of Culture resulted in a restoration of the site.
An Urban Civilization means complex society characterized by Urban development.
Let's see what makes Harappan Civilization an Urban Civilization.
Archaeological evidence point out at planned cities,drainage systems, massive structure and use of kiln bricks.
They had an advanced sense of Town Planning.
Fired Bricks were used for foundation, and unfired bricks were used for wall.
Main Street was 9m wide
Every house had tiled bathroom and its own well.
Sewers serviced the whole city. They had 80 public toilets. Evidence of flush system has been found. Drains for waste water, gutter and water collectors were dug in the main Street.
The great bath. They even had shower systems.
2. Science
People of this period knew metal working, constructing storyed buildings.
Monumental stone walls of 15m in height was constructed. Evidence of rock cut architecture is available.
Constructed dams, changed course of river to build largest of reservoirs.
3. Administration
The civilization was one of the richest in the ancient world, they had developed cottage industry and craftsmanship.
Masonic art was well developed. Uniformity in production reveals there was a centralized system.
Artificial dockyard was made in lothal port.
4. Agriculture
In Kalibangan site we can see evidence of furrowed field which hints at use of some sort of wooden plough.
Stored Waters from reservoirs were used for irrigation.
Since it managed to astonish the archaeologists with its advanced features, the Harappan Civilization is known as Urban Civilization.
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