how do we know that the mother had been in pain
Answers
it is becoz of relation
The presence of pain models in the family environment has been associated with increased risk for child pain and pain-related disability. A broad social learning perspective (2–5) encompassing vicarious learning, modeling, and reinforcement has provided the framework for research showing that parents can have a direct impact on their offspring’s pain experiences through modeling responses to painful stimuli. Studies of pain modeling (6–9) and family history of pain (10–13) demonstrate strong effects.
Family predictors of child pain have been studied in several chronic pain samples. Relationships have been reported between child juvenile arthritis and parent pain history (14) with higher levels of current parent bodily pain correlated with higher levels of child arthritis pain. Studies have also shown relationships between child and parent headache and migraine (15–17), child fibromyalgia and multiple chronic pain conditions in parents (18) and child-mother abdominal pain (19). Aromaa et al. (20) assessed familial aggregation of headache and found increased estimates of pain sensitivity in both mothers and fathers of children with headaches compared to non-headache controls. Laurrell et al. (15) reported that first-degree relatives of children with headaches suffered more migraine and other pains compared with first-degree relatives of children without headache.
Laboratory studies offer a unique opportunity to investigate the parent-child pain relationship in a controlled environment. Thastum et al. (21) investigated cold-pressor pain in 15 children with juvenile arthritis (JA), 25 healthy children and their parents. Child and parent responses were correlated for pain intensity and tolerance, and parents of JA children showed greater pain intensity relative to parents of healthy children, suggesting that parent/child pain relationships may be stronger in chronic pain samples. A further study providing evidence for a social learning approach found that healthy children’s responses to the cold pressor task were related to their mothers’ style of responding, such that children who viewed their mother exaggerating displays of pain had lower pain thresholds than did children whose mothers were not given instructions on how to respond (22). Two studies have examined the relationship between family pain and young adults’ experimental pain responses. In one, the number of family members with bodily pain was related to greater daily pain and a counterintuitive finding of decreased pain intensity in response to the cold pressor task (23). In the second study, a positive family history of pain was related to increased pain episodes and sensitivity to experimental thermal pain only in females, not males (11). This study points to the possible moderating role of parent and child sex, a topic we discuss presently.