how does a satellite runs and works
Answers
Answer:
Communications satellites bounce signals from one side of Earth to the other, a bit like giant mirrors in space. ... The satellite boosts the signal and sends it back down to Earth from its transmitter dish to a receiving dish somewhere else on Earth.
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Answer:
A satellite doesn't necessarily have to be a tin can spinning through space. The word "satellite" is more general than that: it means a smaller, space-based object moving in a loop (an orbit) around a larger object. The Moon is a natural satellite of Earth, for example, because gravity locks it in orbit around our planet. The tin cans we think of as satellites are actually artificial (human-built) satellites that move in precisely calculated paths, circular or elliptical (oval), at various distances from Earth, usually well outside its atmosphere.
The Space Shuttle launching a communications satellite from its payload bay.
Photo: The Space Shuttle launches a communications satellite from its payload bay in 1984 by spinning it gyroscopically. You can see Earth to the left. Picture courtesy of NASA Johnson Space Center (NASA-JSC).
We put satellites in space to overcome the various limitations of Earth's geography—it helps us step outside our Earth-bound lives. If you want to make a phone call from the North Pole, you can fire a signal into space and back down again, using a communications satellite as a mirror to bounce the signal back to Earth and its destination. If you want to survey crops or ocean temperatures, you could do it from a plane, but a satellite can capture more data more quickly because it's higher up and further away. Similarly, if you want to drive somewhere you've never been before, you could study maps or ask random strangers for directions, or you could use signals from satellites to guide you instead. Satellites, in short, help us live within Earth's limits precisely because they themselves sit outside them.
What do satellites do for us?
We tend to group satellites either according to the jobs they do or the orbits they follow. These two things are, however, very closely related, because the job a satellite does usually determines both how far away from Earth it needs to be, how fast it has to move, and the orbit it has to follow. The three main uses of satellites are:
Communications
Photography, imaging, and scientific surveying
Navigation
We'll now look at each of these in a bit more detail.
Communications
Communications satellites are essentially used to relay radio waves from one place on Earth to another, catching signals that fire up to them from a ground station (an Earth-based satellite dish), amplifying them so they have enough strength to continue (and modifying them in other ways), and then bouncing them back down to a second ground station somewhere else. Those signals can carry anything radio signals can carry on the ground, from telephone calls and Internet data to radio and TV broadcasts. Communications satellites essentially overcome the problem of sending radio waves, which shoot in straight lines, around our curved planet—intercontinental signals, in other words. They're also useful for communicating to and from remote areas where ordinary wired or wireless communications can't reach. Calling with a traditional landline (wired phone), you need a very convoluted network of wires and exchanges to make a complete physical circuit all the way from the sender to the receiver; with a cellphone, you can communicate anywhere you can get a signal, but you and the receiver both still need to be within range of cellphone masts; however, with a satellite phone, you can be on top of Mount Everest or deep in the Amazon jungle. You're entirely free from any kind of telecommunications "infrastructure," which gives you geographic freedom and an instant ability to communicate (you don't have to wait for someone to string up telephone lines or set up cellphone masts).
The best known modern communications satellite systems are probably INMARSAT and INTELSAT. INMARSAT was originally a satellite system for ships, planes, and other travelers, though it now has many other uses as well. INTELSAT is an international consortium that owns and operates several dozen communications satellites that provide things like international broadcasting and satellite broadband Internet.
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