Question

how does precipitation affect the natural vegetation of a place describe​

Answer 1

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Scientific challenge:

Rainfall is the climatic parameter of greatest importance to the populations of the tropical continents. The arrival of monsoon rains drives a rapid transformation of the landscape, allowing crops to grow and river networks to refill. Yet predicting where and when rain will fall in the tropics is a notoriously difficult problem.

Great progress has been made in predicting how remote ocean conditions, such as El Niño, can affect tropical rainfall. However local factors such as vegetation also play a role. Thus when tropical forests are cut down for agriculture, we expect this to affect rainfall both locally, and across neighbouring countries. Indeed, climate scientists have to take into account future deforestation rates as well as greenhouse gas emissions when they assess how tropical climate will change in the 21st century.

Project overview:

Vegetation affects rainfall through the process of transpiration. When plants convert carbon dioxide and sunlight into carbohydrates via photosynthesis, they lose water through their leaves. With their deep roots, trees are able to extract this water from several metres below the soil surface. This allows them to continue photosynthesising for months without rainfall.

Crops and grasses on the other hand can run out of water during dry spells. When this happens, the land surface no longer provides water vapour to the atmosphere via transpiration. Instead the solar radiation absorbed by the plant canopy raises the air temperature. Replacing forests with crops and grasslands changes the rates of moistening and heating of the atmosphere, particularly when the shallow-rooted species start to run out of soil water. These changes in turn affect the development of winds, cloud and rain.

Cloud regimes above Tai National Park (image: NASA Worldview)

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