How does the chocolate mantle convection experiment relate to the formation of magma
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Answer:
Mantle convection is the very slow creeping motion of Earth's solid silicate mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior to the planet's surface.[1][2]
Whole-mantle convection
The Earth's surface lithosphere rides atop the asthenosphere and the two form the components of the upper mantle. The lithosphere is divided into a number of tectonic plates that are continuously being created or consumed at plate boundaries. Accretion occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a plate, associated with seafloor spreading. This hot added material cools down by conduction and convection of heat. At the consumption edges of the plate, the material has thermally contracted to become dense, and it sinks under its own weight in the process of subduction usually at an ocean trench.[3]
This subducted material sinks through the Earth's interior. Some subducted material appears to reach the lower mantle,[4] while in other regions, this material is impeded from sinking further, possibly due to a phase transition from spinel to silicate perovskite and magnesiowustite, an endothermic reaction.[5]
The subducted oceanic crust triggers volcanism, although the basic mechanisms are varied. Volcanism may occur due to processes that add buoyancy to partially melted mantle, which would cause upward flow of the partial melt due to decrease in its density. Secondary convection may cause surface volcanism as a consequence of intraplate extension[6] and mantle plumes.[7] In 1993 it was suggested that inhomogeneities in D" layer have some impact on mantle convection.[8]
Mantle convection causes tectonic plates to move around the Earth's surface.[9] It seems to have been much more active during the Hadean period, resulting in gravitational sorting of heavier molten iron, nickel, and sulphides to the core and lighter silicate minerals to the mantle.
Explanation:
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Answer:
Magma is the molten natural substance from which all igneous rocks are formed. Magma is found beneath the surface of the Earth. Evidence of magmatism has also been discovered on other terrestrial planets and some natural satellites. In addition to molten rock, magma can also contain crystals and gas bubbles.
Magma is generated by the melting of the mantle or crust in various tectonic settings, including subduction zones on Earth, continental rift zones, mid-ocean ridges and hotspots. Mantle and crustal melts migrate upward through the crust, where they are thought to be stored in magma chambers or trans-crustal crystal-rich mush zones.
During the storage of magma in the crust, its composition can be modified by fractional crystallization, contamination with crustal melt, magma mixing and degassing. After its ascent through the crust, magma may feed a volcano and be ejected as lava, or it may freeze underground to form an intrusion.
While the study of magma has relied on observing magma after transition to lava flows, magma has been encountered three times, twice in Iceland and once in Hawaii, during geothermal drilling projects.
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