how does water move up the stem against the force of gravity
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The major mechanism for long-distance water transport is described by the cohesion-tension theory, whereby the driving force of transport is transpiration, that is, the evaporation of water from the leaf surfaces. Water molecules cohere (stick together), and are pulled up the plant by the tension, or pulling force, exerted by evaporation at the leaf surface.
Water will always move toward a site with lower water potential, which is a measure of the chemical free energy of water.
Water will always move toward a site with lower water potential, which is a measure of the chemical free energy of water.
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It is due to transpirational pull. Water is lost through stomata of leaves through transpiration. So more water is pulled upwards by soil through root hairs towards the leaves. So the cycle continues like this.
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