How Europeans established themselves in North America?
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Explanation:
The European colonization of the Americas describes the Age of Exploration and the resulting conquest of indigenous lands. The Age of Exploration represents the beginning of the establishment of Western European control in what is now considered North and South America. Europe had been preoccupied with internal wars and was slowly recovering from the loss of population caused by the Black Death; thus the rapid rate at which it grew in wealth and power was unforeseeable in the early 15th century.[1] European colonization impacted the political systems, geographic boundaries, and languages that predominate in the hemisphere's largely independent states today.Early European possessions in what are now referred to as the North and South American continents included Spanish Florida, Spanish New Mexico, Spanish Mesoamerica, Spanish Caribbean, the English colonies of Virginia (with its North Atlantic offshoot, Bermuda) and New England, the French colonies of Acadia, Canada, and Haiti, the Swedish colony of New Sweden, and the Dutch New Netherland. In the 18th century, Denmark–Norway revived its former colonies in Greenland, while the Russian Empire gained a foothold in Alaska. Denmark-Norway would later make several claims in the Caribbean, starting in the 1600s.
As more nations gained an interest in the colonization of the Americas, deadly confrontations emerged with the indigenous peoples who fiercely fought to keep their land. These confrontations with natives over inter-empire rivalries was the leading dynamic in North America. European colonization remained minimal or non-existent through the time of independence, including the Inuit Arctic and northern interior of Canada, south through the Great Plains of the United States, and ending with the Mapuche/Araucanian southern cone of South America.
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European diseases had a devastating effect on the Native American population.
Measles, smallpox, and typhuswere common in Europe. As a result, most adult
Europeans were immune, or had a natural resistance, to them. Native Americans,
however, had never been exposed to such diseases and had no immunity to them. As
a result, many Native Americans became terribly sick after their first encounters with
Europeans. Many of them died in the years after Columbus reached the New World.
No one knows how many Native Americans died from European diseases, but the loss
of life was staggering. Spanish author Fernando de Oviedoreported in 1548 about the
destruction of the Native Americans of Hispaniola. He reported that of the estimated 1
million Indians who had lived on the island in 1492, “there are now believed to be at the
present time...five hundred persons [left].” In North America the Native American
population north of Mexico was about 10 million when Columbus arrived. This number
would drop to less than a million. The drop in the native population played a major role
in the emerging need for an alternative labor force.
Plantation agriculture was a mainstay of the colonial economic structure. Spain
and Portugal established sugar plantations that relied on large numbers of native
laborers. In the 1600s English tobacco farmers in North America also needed workers
for their plantations. With a lack of Native American workers, they, too, needed another
source of labor. Plantation owners in both North and South America wanted a cheap
workforce.
Some colonists, including Spanish priest Bartolomé de Las Casas, suggested
using enslaved Africans as workers. Africans had already developed immunity to
European diseases. The colonists soon agreed that slaves from West Africacould be
the solution to their labor needs.