How far did the political measures and reforms of Abdul Malik help the Umayyads to retain their power?
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ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam; July/August 644 or June/July 647 – 9 October 705) was the fifth Umayyad caliph, ruling from April 685 until his death.
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5
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5 years political stategy
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