how have urbanisation and industrialisation led to a large scale deforestation
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Urbanisation and deforestation are responsible for the loss of vegetation and soils. The vegetation holds down the soil, and contributes to its protection from heavy rains. The soils are very important because they act as a sponge, and absorb most of the water when it rains.
A second, and likely lesser, factor linking urban growth to deforestation is that cities are often expanding into areas of farmland and natural habitat, including forests. ... “By one estimate, urbanization may cause the loss of up to 3.3 million hectares of prime agricultural land each year.”
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