How Indian industries were connected with the colonial attitude of British East India company?
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Explanation:
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To challenge Portuguese dominance of the Oceans, both the English and the Dutch floated their own private stock companies to fund their trading expeditions in 1600 and 1602 respectively. It wasn’t long before both came into conflict with each other regarding colonial possessions in Asia.
The Dutch were more successful in the Indonesian archipelago while the English established a firm foothold in the Indian subcontinent when they established their first factory in Masulipatnam in 1611, while the second factory was established at Surat on 1613.
Peace was reached when the Dutch Prince, William of Orange, ascended the throne of the British Isles in 1688. An agreement between the two saw the English East Indian Company keep the textile industry of India while the more valuable spice trade of Indonesia was left to the Dutch.
With a basis established in Bengal, it wasn’t
East India Company embarked on a policy of expansion and consolidation, winning territories for the British Empire in Asia. Along with Indian territories they even acquired Singapore in 1819, Malacca in 1824 and Burma in 1826.
The Company grew opium in farms owned by it and exported it to China. It exported enough of it to China that the population got addicted to opium, prompting Chinese authorities to ban it in 1839. This led to the First Opium War which China promptly lost and led to re-legalizing the importation of opium into China.
It was Indian Rebellion of 1857 which spelt doom for the Company’s fortune in India. Although it was suppressed with catastrophic loss of lives on both sides, it prompted the British Crown to review how effectively or not the company rules in India. Arbitrary laws such as Doctrine of Lapse, along with discrimination against Indians had led to the rebellion. Keeping these in mind the British Government took steps to dissolve the East India Company in 1858 appointing a Governor General. A few years later, Queen Victoria took the title of Empress of India.
Queen Victoria promised that the new British government would work for the betterment of its Indian subjects. This would mean imparting education that would stamp out certain cultural practices like sati.
To ensure there would be no further threat to its rule, the British would also embark on a policy of Divide and Rule pitting Hindus and Muslims against one another. In policy this would translate into in to the partition of Bengal in 1905 and encouragement to form the Muslim League of India in 1907
Without consulting the Indian leaders Britain declared war on Germany India’s behalf in 1914. Thus in World War I about 1.5 million Indian soldiers served in the British Indian army.
This still did not change the British attitude towards their Indian subjects who in turn introduced ordinances that curbed the freedom of the India. For example the Rowlatt Act, the resulting protests against it led to the Jallianwala Bagh .
When World War II broke out, India once again contributed hugely to the British war effort. In addition to troops, the princely states donated substantial amounts of cash.
But by then the economic losses of Britain in the war had begun to take its toll and events in the Indian independence movement such as the Quit India Movement and the mutiny of the Royal Indian navy signaled that the British were losing control of their Indian holdings.
With the passing of the Indian Independence Act of 1947, the partition of India took place where the subcontinent was divided into the dominion of India and the dominion of Pakistan on August 15 and August 14 respectively. The British Raj had finally come to an end.
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