Question

how internal energy of system can be determined?​

Answer 1

Answer:

The internal energy is measured as a difference from a reference zero defined by a standard state. The difference is determined by thermodynamic processes that carry the system between the reference state and the current state of interest. The internal energy is an extensive property, and cannot be measured directly.

Explanation:

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Answer 2

Answer:

The internal energy is measured as a difference from a reference zero defined by a standard state. The difference is determined by thermodynamic processes that carry the system between the reference state and the current state of interest. The internal energy is an extensive property, and cannot be measured directly.