How is a globe useful to us? Write two limitations of a globe
Answers
Answer:
1. A globe is a simple and accurate model of the earth. 2. It shows the ... So we can say that globe is too helpful for us.
Answer:
The IPCC places great confidence in the ability of
general circulation models (GCMs) to simulate future
climate and attribute observed climate change to
anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. They
claim the “development of climate models has
resulted in more realism in the representation of many
quantities and aspects of the climate system,” adding,
“it is extremely likely that human activities have
caused more than half of the observed increase in
global average surface temperature since the 1950s”
(p. 9 and 10 of the Summary for Policy Makers,
Second Order Draft of AR5, dated October 5, 2012).
This chapter begins with a brief review of the
inner workings and limitations of climate models.
Climate models are important tools utilized to
advance our understanding of current and past
climate. They also provide qualitative and
quantitative information about potential future
climate. But in spite of all their sophistication, they
remain merely models. They represent simulations of
the real world, constrained by their ability to correctly
capture and portray each of the important processes
that operate to affect climate. Notwithstanding their
complexities, the models remain deficient in many
aspects of their portrayal of the climate, which
reduces their ability to provide reliable simulations of
future climate.
Confidence in a model is further based on the
careful evaluation of its performance, in which model
output is compared against actual observations. A
large portion of this chapter, therefore, is devoted to
the evaluation of climate models against real-world
climate and other biospheric data. That evaluation,
summarized in the findings of numerous peer-
reviewed scientific papers described in the different
subsections of this chapter, reveals the IPCC is
overestimating the ability of current state-of-the-art
GCMs to accurately simulate both past and future
climate. The IPCC’s stated confidence in the models,
as presented at the beginning of this chapter, is likely
exaggerated. The many and varied model deficiencies
discussed in this chapter indicate much work remains
to be done before model simulations can be treated
with the level of confidence ascribed to them by the
IPCC.
The following points summarize the main
findings of this chapter:
• Properties inherent in models make dynamic
predictability impossible. Without dynamic
predictability, other techniques must be used to
simulate climate. Such techniques introduce
biases of varying magnitude into model
projections.
