How is action of
soldives affecting the earth ?
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How is action of
soldives affecting the earth ?
The changing Earth's surface affects society through landslides, land subsidence, floods and other natural hazards. These disasters can be both deadly and costly to society: the Thistle landslide was the most costly single landslide event in U.S. history with costs exceeding $400 million. Land began shifting in Thistle, Utah in 1983 because of groundwater buildup from heavy rains during the previous fall and the melting of deep snowpack from the winter. Within a few weeks, the landslide dammed the Spanish Fork River, destroying U.S. Highway 6 and the main line of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. The landslide dam caused flood waters to rise which in turn led to lead the inundation of the surrounding area. The town of Thistle was completely obliterated.[1]
Landslides occur in all 50 states and claim 25 - 50 lives a year. The U.S. National Research Council (Committee on Ground Failure Hazards, 1985) estimated that landslides cause between $1.6 billion and $3.2 billion in damage (rates adjusted for inflation) in the U.S. each year.[2]
Land subsidence also poses problems for society. Parts of the city and port of Long Beach, California, suffered major problems due to rapid (up to 0.75 m yr-1) land subsidence related to extraction of oil from the underlying Wilmington oil field. Problems were caused by both inundation due to vertical motion and by horizontal strains on the sides of the subsidence bowl.
Total subsidence in Long Beach reached as much as 9 m before the land surface was stabilized by an integrated program of fluid injection to balance the extraction. The amount of subsidence at Long Beach was close to linearly proportional to the amount of petroleum extracted. Subsidence over petroleum extraction zones can also cause significant damage to extraction infrastructure itself, including expensive well failures.
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