how is human geography measured? class 12 geography
Answers
Answer:
Human development is measured through Human Development Index (HDI) which ranks the countries between 0 to 1 based on their performance in the key areas of health, education and access to resources.
Answer:
MEASUREMENT IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY*
J. T. Coppock and J. H. Johnson
Both the authors are lecturers in the Department of Geography, Univer sity College, London. Dr. Coppock has been studying geographical applications of British agricultural statistics and Mr. Johnson has been using population census material in a study of nineteenth century Ireland.
BRIEF inspection of the geo-
A graphical writing produced dur- a firm impression that human geography is becoming increasingly dependent on quantitative data. The dependence may not always be explicitly recognized, but it is implicit in the wide use of statistical maps and tables which form an integral part of many geographical articles.
This current trend is both inevitable and desirable. It is inevitable because geographers are so few and the facts with which human geography is con- cerned are so many that the description and analysis of areas of any substantial size is only made possible by the use of statistics collected by others, partic- ularly governments and other official bodies. The trend is desirable not only because of the precision which quan- titative data add to many of the general statements made by geographers, but also because mapping and interpreting the various features of the earth's sur face a process which must involve mensuration of some kind or other-is perhaps the geographer's most valuable
*This paper is an extension of one read to the methodology section of the 19th International Geographical Congress at Stockholm in August, 1960. During preparation of the paper the authors have greatly profited from the advice of many colleagues in other disciplines, in par- ticular Dr. A. D. Booth of Birbeck College, London, and Dr. W. K. Taylor and Mr. W. J. Corlett of University College, London. Any error or omission, however, must remain the authors' responsibility alone.
contribution to the work of other dis ciplines. It is true that in some aspects proach will remain supreme; yet de pendence on quantitative data is already considerable and is likely to increase.
In spite of the necessity and potential advantages of using statistical data there is a very real doubt whether geog raphers are using this material as effec tively as possible. Thus at present a great corpus of relevant data remains untouched or little exploited; and many geographical investigations are limited to simple factual statements of dis tribution, neglecting the explanations which more sophisticated analyses might reveal. Similarly, the correlation among various phenomena is estimated sub jectively by the simple comparison of distribution maps, largely because statis tical techniques are too costly in time and labor, even though they are more efficient.¹
Although this situation is regrettable it is surely understandable, for even if quantitative information is valuable, it
A. H. Robinson, "The Necessity of Weight ing Values in Correlation Analysis of Areal Data," Annals Assn. of Amer. Geogrs., Vol. 46, 1956, pp. 233-236; A. H. Robinson and R. A. Bryson, A Method for Describing Quanti tatively the Correspondence of Certain Geo graphical Distributions, ibid., Vol. 47, 1957, pp. 379-391; H. H. McCarty and N. E. Salis bury, "The Effectiveness of Visual Correlation Based on a Comparison of Isopleth Maps, Abstracts of Papers, 19th International Geog. Congress, Stockholm, 1960, p. 190.