how is leafy stage formed in mosses ? how is it different from protonema?
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The leafy stage in some mosses develops from a lateral bud in the secondary protonema. It is a small leafy structure consisting of rhizoid, leaves and stem. It bears the sex organs antheridia and archegonia. Whereas, Protonema is the gametophytic phase of mosses directly develops from haploid spores. It is thalloid, small, inconspicuous, often photosynthetic phase.
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A protenemal stage is a provisional stage, microscopic in nature, grows on the surface of the substrate, filamentous bear rhizoids, in the life history of mosses. It is short lived stage.
These rhizoids are hair like structures present on it fixes gases and absorb moisture. It is a prilimanry stage and follows a leafy stage.
Leafy stage is a long lived stage arises from proteneaml stage. Small adventitious buds appear on protenema which develops into leafy shoots. It is macroscopic and bear reproductive organs such as antheridia and archegonia.
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