how occupational mobility can bring change in the society
Answers
Explanation:
Occupational mobility refers to changes in individual occupational status. Occupational mobility is usually measured by changes in International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) categories. This criterion cannot, however, be applied to researchers because most job changes would not result in a change in ISCO category. Thus, we need to consider other substantial changes in job profiles and job content in order to analyze researchers’ occupational mobility. Career progression is a driver of occupational mobility. Changes within the academic career, for example, promotion from assistant professor to associate and then full professor, are usually associated with positive changes in job profile and job content and provide access to additional resources. Therefore, job changes that result in a promotion could be considered a proxy for occupational mobility. A considerable number of studies have focused on the determinants of academic promotion, showing the importance of a higher rank to enable full access to resources and institutional advantages (e.g., Long, Allison, & McGinnis, 1993). In addition, gender discrimination in academia has been shown to operate through promotion (Ginther & Hayes, 2003; McDowell, Singell, & Stater, 2006; Ginther & Kahn, 2004). Occupational mobility can also be used to assess other types of mobility. For example, Oswald and Ralsmark (2008) show that 75% of associate professors in the top 10 economic departments among US universities did their first degree outside the United States; that is, they engaged in a type of educational mobility.
Occupational mobility also captures the transition from research-active to research-inactive academics. In a typical academic career, researcher time is split among research, teaching, and administration/service. However, not all scientists are involved in doing administration or teaching activities, and not all teachers engage in research. While all PhD holders conduct some research at the start of their careers, some might have decided or been pushed to abandon research and focus on teaching, administration, or (technical) support tasks (see Chapter 10 by Geuna and Shibayama, for a study of occupational mobility in Japan).
Answer:
pagal hai tu
Explanation:
khud karr na yede boht marungaa terko
kya samjta hai khud ko kamine
khud karr yede