how power is used society in both a positive way and a negative way
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Power is measured by the ability to get things done via knowledge, influence, and/or authority. Leaders are measured by their ability to perform and get results. In the late 1950s, American sociologists John French and Bertram Raven came up with a theory about how power can be conferred on an individual
They identified five sources of power:
- Positional power - In an organization with a management hierarchy, a person can hold power based upon their title and rank within the organization. For this type of power to be most effective, the person who holds the title must be viewed as having earned it legitimately. So, this might not apply to the boss's son unless he made his way through the rank and file.
- Expert power - This is power derived from having superior knowledge. People hold this person in high regard for their critical thinking skills and their ability to solve problems. This can come from education, experience, and business or technical acumen.
- Referent power - This power comes from relationships. It can be a function of personal charisma, or it can come from knowing people in high office and having their ear. Think of the power behind the throne.
- Coercive power - Think of someone who has power because they're willing to twist the screws to somebody, so to speak. Coercive power comes from the ability to threaten or punish someone in order to get your way.
- Reward power - This is power based upon the ability to provide incentives. This is viewed positively unless the rewards are handed out based on favoritism rather than merit.
Power is a critical resource for organizational actors. A person with power commands prominence, respect and influence in the eyes of others. Possessing power means that a person is able to influence others more easily and perform his/her job more effectively. Power relationships affect how managers and employees work together to make decisions and manage. Therefore, it is essential to understand how some individuals acquire power when others do not. What are the origins of power in organizational settings? The possession of power transforms individuals psychologically, shapes their behaviour, and produces an enduring effect on individual status and influence with teammates. Power casts a long shadow on the mental state of either powerful or powerless actors. How does power affect those who have it and those who don't? The metamorphic effects of power can lead to both positive and negative consequences, such as creative thinking or cooperative behaviour versus selfish, corrupt, and risky behaviour.