How successful were the British rule and attempts at constitutional reforms during the years 1909-19? [10 marks]
Answers
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British politicians and bureaucrats tried to cure
India's ailing body politic with periodic infusions
of constitutional reform. The separate electorate formula
introduced for Muslims in the Government of India Act of
1909 (the Morley-Minto Reforms) was expanded and applied
to other minorities in the Government of India Acts (1919 and
1935). Sikhs and Christians, for example, were given special
privileges in voting for their own representatives comparable
to those vouchsafed to Muslims. The British raj thus sought
to reconcile Indian religious pluralism to representative rule and
no doubt hoped, in the process of fashioning such elaborate
constitutional formulas, to win undying minority support for
themselves and to undermine the arguments of Congress's
radical leadership that they alone spoke for India's “united
nationalist movement.” Earlier official support of, and appeals
to, India's princes and great landowners had proved fruitful,
especially since the inception of the crown raj in 1858, and
more concerted efforts were made in 1919 and 1935 to wean
minorities and India's educated elite away from revolution and
non-cooperation
British politicians and bureaucrats tried to cure