How the Chinese communist leadership has modified its concept of socialism and development since 1980 ?
Answers
The theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics are broad term for political theories and policies that are seen by their proponents as representing Marxism–Leninism adapted to Chinese circumstances and specific time periods.
In the context of political changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the durability of socialism in China is in some ways surprising. By the late 1980s it might have appeared that socialism was under greater threat in China than in Europe. Economic reforms had provided grounds for scepticism concerning the commitment to socialism among the Chinese leadership, with the remarkable encouragement of practices which would have been unimagmable a very few years before.
There was also ample evidence of considerable popular cynicism, and even official sources had admitted to a "crisis of faith", which was reflected in dissenting political behaviour and occasional direct challenges to the regme. Whether by revolution or peaceful evolution, by mid-1989 the demise of socialism in China seemed likely.
There are, of course, many possible explanations of why that apparent likelihood has not (yet) been realized - the regime's indigenous rather than imposed origins, willingness to resort to coercion, cultural resistance to political disorder, and so on. My focus in this paper, however, is not on those explanations but on an underlying issue confronting discussions of the demise of socialism. That is the interpretation of socialism itself, and specifically the implications of the official Chinese interpretation.
Here again an immediate comparison with other experiences suggests itself. European comrades had grounds for being more confident in their appeals to socialism, since they had generally been much more consistent in interpretation and assertion of the values of socialism. In the Soviet Union, for example, "developed socialism" was presented as a new concept in the late 1960s; but did not suggest a radical break in the understanding of the basic character of the Soviet system...
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