How the pipelining procedure can be achieved? Explain the arithmetic pipelining for floating point numbers in detail.
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Answer:
Increasing the speed of execution of the program consequently increases the speed of the processor. There are many ways invented, both hardware implementation and Software architecture, to increase the speed of execution. It was observed that by executing instructions concurrently the time required for execution can be reduced. The concept of Parallelism in programming was proposed. According to this, more than one instruction can be executed per clock cycle. This concept can be practiced by a programmer through various techniques such as Pipelining, Multiple execution units, and multiple cores. Among all these parallelism methods, pipelining is most commonly practiced. So how does an instruction can be executed in the pipelining method? How does it increase the speed of execution?
What is Pipelining?
To grasp the concept of pipelining let us look at the root level of how the program is executed. Instruction is the smallest execution packet of a program. Each instruction contains one or more operations. Simple scalar processors execute one or more instruction per clock cycle, with each instruction containing only one operation. Instructions are executed as a sequence of phases, to produce the expected results. This sequence is given belowIF: Fetches the instruction into the instruction register.
ID: Instruction Decode, decodes the instruction for the opcode.
AG: Address Generator, generates the address.
DF: Data Fetch, fetches the operands into the data register.
EX: Execution, executes the specified operation.
WB: Write back, writes back the result to the register.
Not all instructions require all the above steps but most do. These steps use different hardware functions. In pipelining these different phases are performed concurrently. In pipelining these phases are considered independent between different operations and can be overlapped. Thus, multiple operations can be performed simultaneously with each operation being in its own independent phase.
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