Question

how the production was carried during the proto industrial period in Europe?? best answer gets brainliest badge....❣️​

Answer 1

Answer:

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Proto- industrialisation marked the period preceding the Industrial Revolution in Europe.

The five features of proto industrialisation are as follows:

1.Proto -industrialisation was a decentralized System of production. Merchants were based on towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside.

2. It was a system which was controlled by the merchants and the goods for produced by a vast number of producers working within their family farms.

3. Under proto industrialisation system the work was done by involving the whole family.

4. The workers remained in the countryside to cultivate their small plots.

5. Income from Proto-industrial production supplemented the shrinking income of the peasants and the cottagers.

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Answer 2

ʜɪsᴛᴏʀɪᴀɴs ғᴀᴠᴏᴜʀ ᴛʜᴇ ᴛᴇʀᴍ “ᴘʀᴏᴛᴏɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ” ᴛᴏ ᴅᴇsᴄʀɪʙᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ғᴏʀᴍ ᴏғ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴇᴍᴇʀɢᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ 16ᴛʜ ᴄᴇɴᴛᴜʀʏ. ᴛʜᴇ ᴡᴏʀᴅ ᴡᴀs ɪɴɪᴛɪᴀʟʟʏ ᴀᴘᴘʟɪᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴄᴏᴛᴛᴀɢᴇ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴇs ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴏᴜɴᴛʀʏsɪᴅᴇ. ɪɴ sᴘɪᴛᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴏᴘᴘᴏsɪᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴜʀʙᴀɴ ɢᴜɪʟᴅs, ʀᴜʀᴀʟ ʀᴇsɪᴅᴇɴᴛs ᴡᴇʀᴇ ᴘᴇʀғᴏʀᴍɪɴɢ ᴍᴀɴʏ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟ ᴛᴀsᴋs. ᴀɢʀɪᴄᴜʟᴛᴜʀᴀʟ ʟᴀʙᴏᴜʀ ᴅɪᴅ ɴᴏᴛ ᴏᴄᴄᴜᴘʏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘᴇᴀsᴀɴᴛs ᴅᴜʀɪɴɢ ᴛʜᴇ ᴇɴᴛɪʀᴇ ʏᴇᴀʀ, ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇʏ ᴅᴇᴠᴏᴛᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇɪʀ ғʀᴇᴇ ʜᴏᴜʀs ᴛᴏ sᴜᴄʜ ᴀᴄᴛɪᴠɪᴛɪᴇs ᴀs sᴘɪɴɴɪɴɢ ᴡᴏᴏʟ ᴏʀ ᴡᴇᴀᴠɪɴɢ ᴀɴᴅ ᴡᴀsʜɪɴɢ ᴄʟᴏᴛʜ. ᴘᴇᴀsᴀɴᴛs ᴜsᴜᴀʟʟʏ ᴡᴏʀᴋᴇᴅ ғᴏʀ ʟᴏᴡᴇʀ ʀᴇᴍᴜɴᴇʀᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴛʜᴀɴ ᴜʀʙᴀɴ ᴀʀᴛɪsᴀɴs. ᴘʀᴏᴛᴏɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ɢᴀᴠᴇ ʀᴜʀᴀʟ ʀᴇsɪᴅᴇɴᴛs sᴜᴘᴘʟᴇᴍᴇɴᴛᴀʀʏ ɪɴᴄᴏᴍᴇ, ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ᴄᴏɴғᴇʀʀᴇᴅ ᴀ ᴄᴇʀᴛᴀɪɴ ɪᴍᴍᴜɴɪᴛʏ ғʀᴏᴍ ʜᴀʀᴠᴇsᴛ ғᴀɪʟᴜʀᴇs; ɪᴛ ᴇɴᴀʙʟᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇᴍ ᴛᴏ ᴍᴀʀʀʏ ʏᴏᴜɴɢᴇʀ ᴀɴᴅ ʀᴇᴀʀ ʟᴀʀɢᴇʀ ғᴀᴍɪʟɪᴇs; ɪᴛ ᴘʀᴇᴘᴀʀᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇᴍ, sᴏᴄɪᴀʟʟʏ ᴀɴᴅ ᴘsʏᴄʜᴏʟᴏɢɪᴄᴀʟʟʏ, ғᴏʀ ᴇᴠᴇɴᴛᴜᴀʟ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ. ᴛʜᴇ ᴇғғᴏʀᴛs ᴏғ ᴜʀʙᴀɴ ɢᴜɪʟᴅs ᴛᴏ ʟɪᴍɪᴛ ʀᴜʀᴀʟ ᴡᴏʀᴋ ᴇɴᴊᴏʏᴇᴅ ᴏɴʟʏ ʟɪᴍɪᴛᴇᴅ sᴜᴄᴄᴇss; ɪɴ ᴇɴɢʟᴀɴᴅ, ғᴏʀᴇxᴀᴍᴘʟᴇ, ᴛʜᴇ ʀᴇsᴛʀɪᴄᴛɪᴏɴs sᴇᴇᴍ ʀᴀʀᴇʟʏ ᴛᴏ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ʙᴇᴇɴ ᴇɴғᴏʀᴄᴇᴅ. ᴄᴏᴛᴛᴀɢᴇ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴇs ᴄᴇʀᴛᴀɪɴʟʏ ᴇxɪsᴛᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍɪᴅᴅʟᴇ ᴀɢᴇs, ʙᴜᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴇᴄᴏɴᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴇxᴘᴀɴsɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ 16ᴛʜ ᴄᴇɴᴛᴜʀʏ ᴅɪғғᴜsᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇᴍ ᴏᴠᴇʀ ᴍᴜᴄʜ ʟᴀʀɢᴇʀ ᴀʀᴇᴀs ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴇᴜʀᴏᴘᴇᴀɴ ᴄᴏᴜɴᴛʀʏsɪᴅᴇ, ᴘᴇʀʜᴀᴘs ᴍᴏsᴛ ᴠɪsɪʙʟʏ ɪɴ ᴇɴɢʟᴀɴᴅ ᴀɴᴅ ᴡᴇsᴛᴇʀɴ ɢᴇʀᴍᴀɴʏ.

Tʜᴇ ᴘʀᴏᴅᴜᴄᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ғᴀʙʀɪᴄ ʀᴇᴍᴀɪɴᴇᴅ ᴇᴠᴇʀʏᴡʜᴇʀᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄʜɪᴇғ Eᴜʀᴏᴘᴇᴀɴ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀʏ, ʙᴜᴛ ᴛᴡᴏ ᴅᴇᴠᴇʟᴏᴘᴍᴇɴᴛs, ʙᴏᴛʜ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇᴍ ᴄᴏɴᴛɪɴᴜᴀᴛɪᴏɴs ᴏғ ᴍᴇᴅɪᴇᴠᴀʟ ᴄʜᴀɴɢᴇs, ᴀʀᴇ ɴᴏᴛᴇᴡᴏʀᴛʜʏ. Iɴ sᴏᴜᴛʜᴇʀɴ Eᴜʀᴏᴘᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴀᴋɪɴɢ ᴏғ sɪʟᴋ ᴄʟᴏᴛʜ, sᴛɪᴍᴜʟᴀᴛᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴛʜᴇ ʟᴜxᴜʀɪᴏᴜs ᴛᴀsᴛᴇs ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀɢᴇ, ɢᴀɪɴᴇᴅ ᴜɴᴘʀᴇᴄᴇᴅᴇɴᴛᴇᴅ ᴘʀᴏᴍɪɴᴇɴᴄᴇ. Lᴜᴄᴄᴀ, Bᴏʟᴏɢɴᴀ, ᴀɴᴅ Vᴇɴɪᴄᴇ ɪɴ Iᴛᴀʟʏ ᴀɴᴅ Sᴇᴠɪʟʟᴀ ᴀɴᴅ Gʀᴀɴᴀᴅᴀ ɪɴ Sᴘᴀɪɴ ɢᴀɪɴᴇᴅ ғʟᴏᴜʀɪsʜɪɴɢ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴇs. Eᴠᴇɴ ᴍᴏʀᴇ sᴘᴇᴄᴛᴀᴄᴜʟᴀʀ ɪɴ ɪᴛs ʀɪsᴇ ᴀs ᴀ ᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴇ ᴏғ sɪʟᴋ ᴍᴀɴᴜғᴀᴄᴛᴜʀᴇ ᴡᴀs ᴛʜᴇ ᴄɪᴛʏ ᴀɴᴅ ʀᴇɢɪᴏɴ ᴏғ Lʏᴏɴ ɪɴ ᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴀʟ Fʀᴀɴᴄᴇ. Lʏᴏɴ ᴡᴀs ᴀʟsᴏ ᴀ ᴘʀɪɴᴄɪᴘᴀʟ ғᴀɪʀ ᴛᴏᴡɴ, ᴡʜᴇʀᴇ ɢᴏᴏᴅs ᴏғ ɴᴏʀᴛʜᴇʀɴ ᴀɴᴅ sᴏᴜᴛʜᴇʀɴ Eᴜʀᴏᴘᴇ ᴡᴇʀᴇ ᴇxᴄʜᴀɴɢᴇᴅ. Iᴛ ᴡᴀs ɪᴅᴇᴀʟʟʏ ᴘʟᴀᴄᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴏʙᴛᴀɪɴ sɪʟᴋ ᴄᴏᴄᴏᴏɴs ᴏʀ ᴛʜʀᴇᴀᴅ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴛʜᴇ sᴏᴜᴛʜ ᴀɴᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴍᴀʀᴋᴇᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ғɪɴɪsʜᴇᴅ ᴄʟᴏᴛʜ ᴛᴏ ɴᴏʀᴛʜᴇʀɴ ᴘᴜʀᴄʜᴀsᴇʀs. Tʜᴇ sɪʟᴋ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀʏ ɪs ᴀʟsᴏ ɴᴏᴛᴀʙʟᴇ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴍᴏsᴛ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴡᴏʀᴋᴇʀs ɪᴛ ᴇᴍᴘʟᴏʏᴇᴅ ᴡᴇʀᴇ ᴡᴏᴍᴇɴ.

Aɴᴏᴛʜᴇʀ ᴍᴀᴊᴏʀ ɪɴɴᴏᴠᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ɪɴ 16ᴛʜ-ᴄᴇɴᴛᴜʀʏ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟ ʜɪsᴛᴏʀʏ ᴡᴀs ᴛʜᴇ ɢʀᴏᴡɪɴɢ ᴜsᴇ ᴏғ ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴀs ғᴜᴇʟ. Eɴɢʟᴀɴᴅ, ᴡɪᴛʜ ʀɪᴄʜ ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴍɪɴᴇs ʟᴏᴄᴀᴛᴇᴅ ᴄʟᴏsᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ sᴇᴀ, ᴄᴏᴜʟᴅ ᴛᴀᴋᴇ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄᴜʟᴀʀ ᴀᴅᴠᴀɴᴛᴀɢᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜɪs ᴄʜᴇᴀᴘ ᴍɪɴᴇʀᴀʟ ғᴜᴇʟ. Tʜᴇ ᴘᴏʀᴛ ᴏғ Nᴇᴡᴄᴀsᴛʟᴇ ɪɴ Nᴏʀᴛʜᴜᴍʙʀɪᴀ ᴇᴍᴇʀɢᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ 16ᴛʜ ᴄᴇɴᴛᴜʀʏ ᴀs ᴀ ᴘʀɪɴᴄɪᴘᴀʟ sᴜᴘᴘʟɪᴇʀ ᴏғ ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴛᴏ Lᴏɴᴅᴏɴ ᴄᴏɴsᴜᴍᴇʀs. As ʏᴇᴛ, ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴄᴏᴜʟᴅ ɴᴏᴛ ʙᴇ ᴜsᴇᴅ ғᴏʀ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅɪʀᴇᴄᴛ sᴍᴇʟᴛɪɴɢ ᴏғ ɪʀᴏɴ, ʙᴜᴛ ɪᴛ ғᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴡɪᴅᴇ ᴀᴘᴘʟɪᴄᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ɪɴ ɢʟᴀssᴍᴀᴋɪɴɢ, ʙʀɪᴄᴋ ʙᴀᴋɪɴɢ, ʙʀᴇᴡɪɴɢ, ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ʜᴇᴀᴛɪɴɢ ᴏғ ʜᴏᴍᴇs. Tʜᴇ ᴜsᴇ ᴏғ ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴇᴀsᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅᴇᴍᴀɴᴅ ᴏɴ Eɴɢʟᴀɴᴅ’s ʀᴀᴘɪᴅʟʏ ᴅɪᴍɪɴɪsʜɪɴɢ ғᴏʀᴇsᴛs ᴀɴᴅ ᴄᴏɴᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ɢʀᴏᴡᴛʜ ᴏғ ᴀ ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴛᴇᴄʜɴᴏʟᴏɢʏ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴡᴏᴜʟᴅ ᴍᴀᴋᴇ ᴀ ᴄʀᴜᴄɪᴀʟ ᴄᴏɴᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ʟᴀᴛᴇʀ Iɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟ Rᴇᴠᴏʟᴜᴛɪᴏɴ.

Aɴᴏᴛʜᴇʀ ᴍᴀᴊᴏʀ ɪɴɴᴏᴠᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ɪɴ 16ᴛʜ-ᴄᴇɴᴛᴜʀʏ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟ ʜɪsᴛᴏʀʏ ᴡᴀs ᴛʜᴇ ɢʀᴏᴡɪɴɢ ᴜsᴇ ᴏғ ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴀs ғᴜᴇʟ. Eɴɢʟᴀɴᴅ, ᴡɪᴛʜ ʀɪᴄʜ ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴍɪɴᴇs ʟᴏᴄᴀᴛᴇᴅ ᴄʟᴏsᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ sᴇᴀ, ᴄᴏᴜʟᴅ ᴛᴀᴋᴇ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄᴜʟᴀʀ ᴀᴅᴠᴀɴᴛᴀɢᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜɪs ᴄʜᴇᴀᴘ ᴍɪɴᴇʀᴀʟ ғᴜᴇʟ. Tʜᴇ ᴘᴏʀᴛ ᴏғ Nᴇᴡᴄᴀsᴛʟᴇ ɪɴ Nᴏʀᴛʜᴜᴍʙʀɪᴀ ᴇᴍᴇʀɢᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ 16ᴛʜ ᴄᴇɴᴛᴜʀʏ ᴀs ᴀ ᴘʀɪɴᴄɪᴘᴀʟ sᴜᴘᴘʟɪᴇʀ ᴏғ ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴛᴏ Lᴏɴᴅᴏɴ ᴄᴏɴsᴜᴍᴇʀs. As ʏᴇᴛ, ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴄᴏᴜʟᴅ ɴᴏᴛ ʙᴇ ᴜsᴇᴅ ғᴏʀ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅɪʀᴇᴄᴛ sᴍᴇʟᴛɪɴɢ ᴏғ ɪʀᴏɴ, ʙᴜᴛ ɪᴛ ғᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴡɪᴅᴇ ᴀᴘᴘʟɪᴄᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ɪɴ ɢʟᴀssᴍᴀᴋɪɴɢ, ʙʀɪᴄᴋ ʙᴀᴋɪɴɢ, ʙʀᴇᴡɪɴɢ, ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ʜᴇᴀᴛɪɴɢ ᴏғ ʜᴏᴍᴇs. Tʜᴇ ᴜsᴇ ᴏғ ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴇᴀsᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅᴇᴍᴀɴᴅ ᴏɴ Eɴɢʟᴀɴᴅ’s ʀᴀᴘɪᴅʟʏ ᴅɪᴍɪɴɪsʜɪɴɢ ғᴏʀᴇsᴛs ᴀɴᴅ ᴄᴏɴᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ɢʀᴏᴡᴛʜ ᴏғ ᴀ ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴛᴇᴄʜɴᴏʟᴏɢʏ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴡᴏᴜʟᴅ ᴍᴀᴋᴇ ᴀ ᴄʀᴜᴄɪᴀʟ ᴄᴏɴᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ʟᴀᴛᴇʀ Iɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟ Rᴇᴠᴏʟᴜᴛɪᴏɴ.Iɴ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀʏ, ᴛʜᴇ 16ᴛʜ ᴄᴇɴᴛᴜʀʏ ᴡᴀs ɴᴏᴛ sᴏ ᴍᴜᴄʜ ᴀɴ ᴀɢᴇ ᴏғ ᴅʀᴀᴍᴀᴛɪᴄ ᴛᴇᴄʜɴᴏʟᴏɢɪᴄᴀʟ ᴅᴇᴘᴀʀᴛᴜʀᴇs; ʀᴀᴛʜᴇʀ, ɪᴛ ᴡɪᴛɴᴇssᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ sᴛᴇᴀᴅʏ ɪᴍᴘʀᴏᴠᴇᴍᴇɴᴛ ᴏғ ᴏʟᴅᴇʀ ᴛᴇᴄʜɴᴏʟᴏɢɪᴄᴀʟ ᴛʀᴀᴅɪᴛɪᴏɴs—ɪɴ sʜɪᴘʙᴜɪʟᴅɪɴɢ, ᴍɪɴɪɴɢ ᴀɴᴅ ᴍᴇᴛᴀʟʟᴜʀɢʏ, ɢʟᴀssᴍᴀᴋɪɴɢ, sɪʟᴋ ᴘʀᴏᴅᴜᴄᴛɪᴏɴ, ᴄʟᴏᴄᴋ ᴀɴᴅ ɪɴsᴛʀᴜᴍᴇɴᴛ ᴍᴀᴋɪɴɢ, ғɪʀᴇᴀʀᴍs, ᴀɴᴅ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀs. Eᴜʀᴏᴘᴇ sʟᴏᴡʟʏ ᴡɪᴅᴇɴᴇᴅ ɪᴛs ᴛᴇᴄʜɴᴏʟᴏɢɪᴄᴀʟ ᴇᴅɢᴇ ᴏᴠᴇʀ ɴᴏɴ-Eᴜʀᴏᴘᴇᴀɴ ᴄɪᴠɪʟɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴs. Mᴏsᴛ ᴇᴄᴏɴᴏᴍɪᴄ ʜɪsᴛᴏʀɪᴀɴs ғᴜʀᴛʜᴇʀ ʙᴇʟɪᴇᴠᴇ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴘʀᴏᴛᴏɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ, ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴏᴍᴍᴇʀᴄᴇ ᴛʜᴀᴛ sᴜᴘᴘʟɪᴇᴅ ᴀɴᴅ sᴜsᴛᴀɪɴᴇᴅ ɪᴛ, ʙᴇsᴛ ᴇxᴘʟᴀɪɴs ᴛʜᴇ ᴇᴀʀʟʏ ᴀᴄᴄᴜᴍᴜʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴs ᴏғ ᴄᴀᴘɪᴛᴀʟ ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ʙɪʀᴛʜ ᴏғ ᴀ ᴄᴀᴘɪᴛᴀʟɪsᴛ ᴇᴄᴏɴᴏᴍʏ.