How to calculate the stone weight in paralleogram law in experiment practical?
Answers
Aim
To find the weight of a given body using parallelogram law of vectors.
Apparatus
Parallelogram law of forces apparatus (Gravesand’s apparatus), plumb line, two hangers with slotted weights, a body (a wooden block) whose weight is to be determined, thin strong or thread, white drawing paper sheet, drawing pins, mirror strip, sharp pencil, half metre scale, set squares, protractor.
Theory
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Diagram
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Procedure
Set up the Gravesand’s apparatus with its board vertical, tested with the help of a plumb line.
Test that pulleys P1 and P2 are frictionless. Oil them if necessary.
Fix the white drawing paper sheets on the board with the help of drawing pins.
Take three pieces of strong thread and tie their one end together to make knot O. This knot becomes junction of the three threads.
From the other ends of two threads, tie a hanger with some slotted weights in each. These serve as the weights P and Q. From the other end of third thread tie the given body S.
Pass threads with weights P and Q over the pulleys and let the third thread with given body S, stay vertical in the middle of the board.
Adjust the weights P and Q (forces) such that the junction O stays in equilibrium slightly below the middle of the paper.
The weights P, Q and wooden block S act as three forces
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acting along the three threads at the junction O. The forces are in equilibrium.
See that all the weights hang freely and none of them touches the board or the table.
Mark the position of junction O on the white paper sheet by a sharp pencil.
Disturb weights P and Q and leave them.
Note position of junction O. It must be very close to earlier position. (If not, oil the pulleys to remove friction.)
Keeping mirror strip lengthwise under each thread, mark the position of the ends of the image of thread in the mirror, covering the image by the thread (this removes parallax error). The position are P1 ,P2 for thread of weight P, Q1 and Q2 for thread of weight Q and S1 , S2 for thread of weight S as shown in figure.
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Remove paper from the board.
With the help of a half metre scale draw lines through points P1 and P2 to represent P, through points Q1 and Q2 to represent Q and through points S1 and S2 to represent S. These lines must meet at point O.
Taking a scale, 1 cm = 50 g, take OA = 3 cm and OB = 3 cm to represent P = 150 g and Q = 150 g.
Complete parallelogram OACB using set squares and join OC. It represents R.
Measure OC. It comes to be 3.9 cm.
For different sets of observation, change P and Q suitably.
Find weight of the wooden block by a spring balance.
Observation
Least count of spring balance =………. g
Zero error of spring balance =………..g
Weight of unknown body by spring balance = ………..g
Scale. Let 1 cm = 50 g.
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Calculations
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Result
The unknown weight of given body = 195 g
The error is within limits of experiment error.
Precautions
The board should be stable and vertical.
The pulleys should be friction less.
The hangers should not touch the board or table.
Junction O should be in the middle of the paper sheet.
Points should be marked only when weights are at rest.
Points should be marked with sharp pencil.
Arrows should be marked to show direction of forces.
A proper scale should be taken to make fairly big parallelogram.
Sources of error
Pulleys may have friction.
Weights may not be accurate.
Points may not be marked correctly.
Weight measured by spring balance may not be much accurate.
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