how to find factors of a biquadratic polynomial by given its zeros
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Suppose I have some polynomial and I have to solve it. First I have to factor the polynomial, and then I have to solve each of the factors. For example:
Find the zeroes of
y = x4 + x3 – 7x2 – x + 6
First, I'll apply the Rational Roots Test to get a list of possible zeroes. Then I'll find some actual zeroes by testing the possibilities with synthetic division, and finally I'll end up with:
(x + 3)(x – 2)(x + 1)(x – 1) = 0
Solving, I get a list of zeroes: x = ±1, –3, 2
I got these solutions by solving the factors. That's "working frontwards". I can also "work backwards" from the solutions. For instance, for x = 2 to be a solution, then I must have solved the factor equation x – 2 = 0, which means that x – 2 must have been a factor.
The factors we find by working backwards from the zeroes are always of the form "(variable) minus (the given zero)". Having a factor of "(variable) minus (value)" means the same thing as having a solution of "(variable) equals (value)"; that is, if "x – a" is a factor, then "x = a" is a solution, and vice versa. We use this fact to find quadratics from their roots.
Find a quadratic with zeroes at 4 and –5.
If the zeroes are at x = 4 and at x = –5, then, subtracting, the factor equations were x – 4 = 0 and x – (–5) = x + 5 = 0. Then the factors were x – 4 and x + 5 . Any factorable quadratic is going to have just the two factors, so these must be them. Then the original quadratic was something like:
(x – 4)(x + 5) = x2 – 4x + 5x – 20 = x2 + x – 20
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Why did I say that the quadratic would be "something like" x2 + x – 20? Because they may have divided something out when they solved the original quadratic. For instance, if I had to solve 2x2 – 2 = 0, I would first divide off the 2 to get x2 – 1 = (x + 1)(x – 1) = 0, with solutions at x = ±1. But if I multiply back only the factors with variables, I get (x – 1)(x + 1) = x2 – 1, which is not quite what I started with. Any number of other quadratics would also share those same two zeroes, including
5x2 – 5, 17x2 – 17, and 4 – 4x2. If they only give me the zeroes, I can't tell if they divided anything out. The quadratic answer I gave in the problem above is good enough, though, because they only asked for "a" quadratic with the given zeroes, not "the" quadratic.
But that distinction, between "a" and "the", can be very important.
Find the general form of the family of quadratics with zeroes at x = 1 and x = 3.
Subtracting, I get x – 1 = 0 and x – 3 = 0, so the factors were x – 1 and x – 3. However, I can't tell if they divided anything off to get the listed solutions. For instance, they may have started with factors like 4x – 4 or 5x – 15; I can't tell from only the zeroes.
The general form of the family of quadratics (that is, the formula for every possible quadratic that has these zeroes) has to include any possible divided-off numbers. For this, I will use a letter to represent the divided-off numbers. The factors I know about are x – 1 and x – 3. Multiplying them together gives me x2 – 4x + 3. Since some number may have been divided out, I have to multiply it back in:
The general form is a(x2 – 4x + 3)
If they didn't divide anything out, then a will equal 1. By the way, your text may use some other letter for the constant; as long as you use some letter near the beginning of the alphabet (it's traditional), you should be fine.
Find the quadratic having zeroes at x = 1 and x = 3, and
passing through the point (0, –6).
Aha! With that extra point, I can narrow down the exact formula for the quadratic. The third point lets me account for that multiplier "a". I already know (from the previous exercise) that the general form of any quadratic with these zeroes is a(x2 – 4x + 3). But now I can plug in that point, and solve for a. Since (x, y) = (0, –6) is on the graph, then:
a(x2 – 4x + 3) = y
a((0)2 – 4(0) + 3) = –6
3a = –6
a = –2 Copyright © Elizabeth Stapel 2004-2011 All Rights Reserved
Then "the" quadratic is –2(x2 – 4x + 3) = –2x2 + 8x – 6