How to improve antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles prepared using electrochemical method?
Answers
WHICH GRADE ARE U SO I CAN EXPLAIN RESPECTIVELY
Physical methods
Evaporation-condensation and laser ablation are the most important physical approaches. The absence of solvent contamination in the prepared thin films and the uniformity of NPs distribution are the advantages of physical synthesis methods in comparison with chemical processes. Physical synthesis of silver NPs using a tube furnace at atmospheric pressure has some disadvantages, for example, tube furnace occupies a large space, consumes a great amount of energy while raising the environmental temperature around the source material, and requires a lot of time to achieve thermal stability. Moreover, a typical tube furnace requires power consumption of more than several kilowatts and a preheating time of several tens of minutes to reach a stable operating temperature (12,13). It was demonstrated that silver NPs could be synthesized via a small ceramic heater with a local heating area (14). The small ceramic heater was used to evaporate source materials. The evaporated vapor can cool at a suitable rapid rate, because the temperature gradient in the vicinity of the heater surface is very steep in comparison with that of a tube furnace.
This makes possible the formation of small NPs in high concentration. The particle generation is very stable, because the temperature of the heater surface does not fluctuate with time. This physical method can be useful as a nanoparticle generator for long-term experiments for inhalation toxicity studies, and as a calibration device for nanoparticle measurement equipment (14). The results showed that the geometric mean diameter, the geometric standard deviation and the total number concentration of NPs increase with heater surface temperature. Spherical NPs without agglomeration were observed, even at high concentration with high heater surface temperature. The geometric mean diameter and the geometric standard deviation of silver NPs were in the range of 6.2-21.5 nm and 1.23-1.88 nm, respectively.
Silver NPs could be synthesized by laser ablation of metallic bulk materials in solution (15,16,17,18,19). The ablation efficiency and the characteristics of produced nano-silver particles depend upon many parameters, including the wavelength of the laser impinging the metallic target, the duration of the laser pulses (in the femto-, pico- and nanosecond regime), the laser fluence, the ablation time duration and the effective liquid medium, with or without the presence of surfactants (20,21,22,23).
One important advantage of laser ablation technique compared to other methods for production of metal colloids is the absence of chemical reagents in solutions. Therefore, pure and uncontaminated metal colloids for further applications can be prepared by this technique (24). Silver nanospheroids (20-50 nm) were prepared by laser ablation in water with femtosecond laser pulses at 800 nm (25). The formation efficiency and the size of colloidal particles were compared with those of colloidal particles prepared by nanosecond laser pulses. As a result, the formation efficiency for femtosecond pulses was significantly lower than that for nanosecond pulses. The size of colloids prepared by femtosecond pulses were less dispersed than that of colloids prepared by nanosecond pulses. Furthermore, it was found that the ablation efficiency for femtosecond ablation in water was lower than that in air, while in the case of nanosecond pulses, the ablation efficiency was similar in both water and air.
HOPE THIS HELPS YOU