How to predict the evolutionary relation ship in phylogenetic tree?
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ᴀ ᴘʜʏʟᴏɢᴇɴʏ, ᴏʀ ᴇᴠᴏʟᴜᴛɪᴏɴᴀʀʏ ᴛʀᴇᴇ, ʀᴇᴘʀᴇsᴇɴᴛs ᴛʜᴇ ᴇᴠᴏʟᴜᴛɪᴏɴᴀʀʏ ʀᴇʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴsʜɪᴘs ᴀᴍᴏɴɢ ᴀ sᴇᴛ ᴏғ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴍs ᴏʀ ɢʀᴏᴜᴘs ᴏғ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴍs, ᴄᴀʟʟᴇᴅ ᴛᴀxᴀ (sɪɴɢᴜʟᴀʀ: ᴛᴀxᴏɴ). ᴛʜᴇ ᴛɪᴘs ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴛʀᴇᴇ ʀᴇᴘʀᴇsᴇɴᴛ ɢʀᴏᴜᴘs ᴏғ ᴅᴇsᴄᴇɴᴅᴇɴᴛ ᴛᴀxᴀ (ᴏғᴛᴇɴ sᴘᴇᴄɪᴇs) ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴏᴅᴇs ᴏɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴛʀᴇᴇ ʀᴇᴘʀᴇsᴇɴᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴏᴍᴍᴏɴ ᴀɴᴄᴇsᴛᴏʀs ᴏғ ᴛʜᴏsᴇ ᴅᴇsᴄᴇɴᴅᴀɴᴛs. ᴛᴡᴏ ᴅᴇsᴄᴇɴᴅᴇɴᴛs ᴛʜᴀᴛ sᴘʟɪᴛ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴛʜᴇ sᴀᴍᴇ ɴᴏᴅᴇ ᴀʀᴇ ᴄᴀʟʟᴇᴅ sɪsᴛᴇʀ ɢʀᴏᴜᴘs. ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴛʀᴇᴇ ʙᴇʟᴏᴡ, sᴘᴇᴄɪᴇs ᴀ & ʙ ᴀʀᴇ sɪsᴛᴇʀ ɢʀᴏᴜᴘs — ᴛʜᴇʏ ᴀʀᴇ ᴇᴀᴄʜ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀ's ᴄʟᴏsᴇsᴛ ʀᴇʟᴀᴛɪᴠᴇs.
ᴍᴀɴʏ ᴘʜʏʟᴏɢᴇɴɪᴇs ᴀʟsᴏ ɪɴᴄʟᴜᴅᴇ ᴀɴ ᴏᴜᴛɢʀᴏᴜᴘ — ᴀ ᴛᴀxᴏɴ ᴏᴜᴛsɪᴅᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ɢʀᴏᴜᴘ ᴏғ ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴇsᴛ. ᴀʟʟ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴇᴍʙᴇʀs ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ɢʀᴏᴜᴘ ᴏғ ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴇsᴛ ᴀʀᴇ ᴍᴏʀᴇ ᴄʟᴏsᴇʟʏ ʀᴇʟᴀᴛᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴇᴀᴄʜ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀ ᴛʜᴀɴ ᴛʜᴇʏ ᴀʀᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴏᴜᴛɢʀᴏᴜᴘ. ʜᴇɴᴄᴇ, ᴛʜᴇ ᴏᴜᴛɢʀᴏᴜᴘ sᴛᴇᴍs ғʀᴏᴍ ᴛʜᴇ ʙᴀsᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴛʀᴇᴇ. ᴀɴ ᴏᴜᴛɢʀᴏᴜᴘ ᴄᴀɴ ɢɪᴠᴇ ʏᴏᴜ ᴀ sᴇɴsᴇ ᴏғ ᴡʜᴇʀᴇ ᴏɴ ᴛʜᴇ ʙɪɢɢᴇʀ ᴛʀᴇᴇ ᴏғ ʟɪғᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴀɪɴ ɢʀᴏᴜᴘ ᴏғ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴍs ғᴀʟʟs. ɪᴛ ɪs ᴀʟsᴏ ᴜsᴇғᴜʟ ᴡʜᴇɴ ᴄᴏɴsᴛʀᴜᴄᴛɪɴɢ ᴇᴠᴏʟᴜᴛɪᴏɴᴀʀʏ ᴛʀᴇᴇs.
ғᴏʀ ɢᴇɴᴇʀᴀʟ ᴘᴜʀᴘᴏsᴇs, ɴᴏᴛ ᴍᴜᴄʜ. ᴛʜɪs sɪᴛᴇ, ᴀʟᴏɴɢ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴍᴀɴʏ ʙɪᴏʟᴏɢɪsᴛs, ᴜsᴇ ᴛʜᴇsᴇ ᴛᴇʀᴍs ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴄʜᴀɴɢᴇᴀʙʟʏ — ᴀʟʟ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇᴍ ᴇssᴇɴᴛɪᴀʟʟʏ ᴍᴇᴀɴ ᴀ ᴛʀᴇᴇ sᴛʀᴜᴄᴛᴜʀᴇ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ʀᴇᴘʀᴇsᴇɴᴛs ᴛʜᴇ ᴇᴠᴏʟᴜᴛɪᴏɴᴀʀʏ ʀᴇʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴsʜɪᴘs ᴡɪᴛʜɪɴ ᴀ ɢʀᴏᴜᴘ ᴏғ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴍs. ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴏɴᴛᴇxᴛ ɪɴ ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ᴛʜᴇ ᴛᴇʀᴍ ɪs ᴜsᴇᴅ ᴡɪʟʟ ᴛᴇʟʟ ʏᴏᴜ ᴍᴏʀᴇ ᴅᴇᴛᴀɪʟs ᴀʙᴏᴜᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ʀᴇᴘʀᴇsᴇɴᴛᴀᴛɪᴏɴ (ᴇ.ɢ., ᴡʜᴇᴛʜᴇʀ ᴛʜᴇ ᴛʀᴇᴇ's ʙʀᴀɴᴄʜ ʟᴇɴɢᴛʜs ʀᴇᴘʀᴇsᴇɴᴛ ɴᴏᴛʜɪɴɢ ᴀᴛ ᴀʟʟ, ɢᴇɴᴇᴛɪᴄ ᴅɪғғᴇʀᴇɴᴄᴇs, ᴏʀ ᴛɪᴍᴇ; ᴡʜᴇᴛʜᴇʀ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘʜʏʟᴏɢᴇɴʏ ʀᴇᴘʀᴇsᴇɴᴛs ᴀ ʀᴇᴄᴏɴsᴛʀᴜᴄᴛᴇᴅ ʜʏᴘᴏᴛʜᴇsɪs ᴀʙᴏᴜᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ʜɪsᴛᴏʀʏ ᴏʀ ᴛʜᴇ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴍs ᴏʀ ᴀɴ ᴀᴄᴛᴜᴀʟ ʀᴇᴄᴏʀᴅ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ʜɪsᴛᴏʀʏ; ᴇᴛᴄ.) ʜᴏᴡᴇᴠᴇʀ, sᴏᴍᴇ ʙɪᴏʟᴏɢɪsᴛs ᴅᴏ ᴜsᴇ ᴛʜᴇsᴇ ᴡᴏʀᴅs ɪɴ ᴍᴏʀᴇ sᴘᴇᴄɪғɪᴄ ᴡᴀʏs. ᴛᴏ sᴏᴍᴇ ʙɪᴏʟᴏɢɪsᴛs, ᴜsᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴛᴇʀᴍ "ᴄʟᴀᴅᴏɢʀᴀᴍ" ᴇᴍᴘʜᴀsɪᴢᴇs ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅɪᴀɢʀᴀᴍ ʀᴇᴘʀᴇsᴇɴᴛs ᴀ ʜʏᴘᴏᴛʜᴇsɪs ᴀʙᴏᴜᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴄᴛᴜᴀʟ ᴇᴠᴏʟᴜᴛɪᴏɴᴀʀʏ ʜɪsᴛᴏʀʏ ᴏғ ᴀ ɢʀᴏᴜᴘ, ᴡʜɪʟᴇ "ᴘʜʏʟᴏɢᴇɴɪᴇs" ʀᴇᴘʀᴇsᴇɴᴛ ᴛʀᴜᴇ ᴇᴠᴏʟᴜᴛɪᴏɴᴀʀʏ ʜɪsᴛᴏʀʏ.
ᴛᴏ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀ ʙɪᴏʟᴏɢɪsᴛs, "ᴄʟᴀᴅᴏɢʀᴀᴍ" sᴜɢɢᴇsᴛs ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ʟᴇɴɢᴛʜs ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ʙʀᴀɴᴄʜᴇs ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅɪᴀɢʀᴀᴍ ᴀʀᴇ ᴀʀʙɪᴛʀᴀʀʏ, ᴡʜɪʟᴇ ɪɴ ᴀ "ᴘʜʏʟᴏɢᴇɴʏ," ᴛʜᴇ ʙʀᴀɴᴄʜ ʟᴇɴɢᴛʜs ɪɴᴅɪᴄᴀᴛᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴍᴏᴜɴᴛ ᴏғ ᴄʜᴀʀᴀᴄᴛᴇʀ ᴄʜᴀɴɢᴇ. ᴛʜᴇ ᴡᴏʀᴅs "ᴘʜʏʟᴏɢʀᴀᴍ" ᴀɴᴅ "ᴅᴇɴᴅʀᴏɢʀᴀᴍ" ᴀʀᴇ ᴀʟsᴏ sᴏᴍᴇᴛɪᴍᴇs ᴜsᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴍᴇᴀɴ ᴛʜᴇ sᴀᴍᴇ sᴏʀᴛ ᴏғ ᴛʜɪɴɢ ᴡɪᴛʜ sʟɪɢʜᴛ ᴠᴀʀɪᴀᴛɪᴏɴs. ᴛʜᴇsᴇ ᴠᴏᴄᴀʙᴜʟᴀʀʏ ᴅɪғғᴇʀᴇɴᴄᴇs ᴀʀᴇ sᴜʙᴛʟᴇ ᴀɴᴅ ᴀʀᴇ ɴᴏᴛ ᴄᴏɴsɪsᴛᴇɴᴛʟʏ ᴜsᴇᴅ ᴡɪᴛʜɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ʙɪᴏʟᴏɢɪᴄᴀʟ ᴄᴏᴍᴍᴜɴɪᴛʏ. ғᴏʀ ᴏᴜʀ ᴘᴜʀᴘᴏsᴇs ʜᴇʀᴇ, ᴛʜᴇ ɪᴍᴘᴏʀᴛᴀɴᴛ ᴛʜɪɴɢs ᴛᴏ ʀᴇᴍᴇᴍʙᴇʀ ᴀʀᴇ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴍs ᴀʀᴇ ʀᴇʟᴀᴛᴇᴅ ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴡᴇ ᴄᴀɴ ʀᴇᴘʀᴇsᴇɴᴛ ᴛʜᴏsᴇ ʀᴇʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴsʜɪᴘs (ᴀɴᴅ ᴏᴜʀ ʜʏᴘᴏᴛʜᴇsᴇs ᴀʙᴏᴜᴛ ᴛʜᴇᴍ) ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴛʀᴇᴇ sᴛʀᴜᴄᴛᴜʀᴇs.
