How to prepare hydrogen sulphide gas by kipps apparatus?
Answers
Answered by
6
Kipp's apparatus, also called Kipp generator, is an apparatus designed for preparation of small volumes of gases. It was invented around 1844 by the Dutch pharmacist Petrus Jacobus Kipp and widely used in chemical laboratories and for demonstrations in schools into the second half of the 20th century.
It later fell out of use, at least in laboratories, because most gases then became available in small gas cylinders. These industrial gasesare much purer and drier than those initially obtained from a Kipp apparatus without further processing.
Design and operationEdit
The apparatus is usually made of glass, or sometimes of polyethylene, and consists of three vertically stacked chambers, roughly resembling a snowman. The upper chamber extends downward as a tube that passes through the middle chamber into the lower chamber. There is no direct path between the middle and upper chambers, but the middle chamber is separated from the lower chamber by a retention plate, such as a conical piece of glass with small holes, which permits the passage of liquid and gas. The solid material (e.g., iron sulfide) is placed into the middle chamber in lumps sufficiently large to avoid falling through the retention plate. The liquid, such as an acid, is poured into the top chamber. Although the acid is free to flow down through the tube into the bottom chamber, it is prevented from rising there by the pressure of the gas contained above it, which is able to leave the apparatus only by a stopcock near the top of the middle chamber. This stopcock may be opened, initially to permit the air to leave the apparatus, allowing the liquid in the bottom chamber to rise through the retention plate into the middle chamber and react with the solid material. Gas is evolved from this reaction, which may be drawn off through the stopcock as desired. When the stopcock is closed, the pressure of the evolved gas in the middle chamber rises and pushes the acid back down into the bottom chamber, until it is not in contact with the solid material anymore. At that point the chemical reaction comes to a stop, until the stopcock is opened again and more gas is drawn off.
Kipp generators only work properly in the described manner if the solid material is insoluble in the acid, as otherwise the dissolved material would continue to evolve gas even after the level dropped. The produced gas often requires further purification and/or drying, due to content of water vapor and possibly mist if the reaction is vigorous.
Examples for prepared gases and their eductsEdit
For successful use in a Kipp's apparatus, the solid material has to be available in lumps large enough to stay on the retention plate without falling through its holes.
Hydrogen from zinc flakes or iron and hydrochloric acid or diluted sulfuric acidCarbon dioxide from pieces of marble(calcium carbonate) and hydrochloric acidHydrogen sulfide from iron(II) sulfide and hydrochloric acidAcetylene from calcium carbide and waterMethane from aluminium carbide and lukewarm water, deuterated methane (CD4) from aluminium carbide and heavy waterChlorine from potassium permanganate, calcium hypochlorite, or manganese dioxideand hydrochloric acid; also from barium ferrate and hydrochloric acidOxygen from calcium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide with a bit of nitric acid; also from barium ferrate and dilute sulfuric acidOzone from barium peroxide and concentrated sulfuric acidNitric oxide from copper turnings and diluted nitric acidNitrogen dioxide from copper turnings and concentrated nitric acidAmmonia from magnesium nitride and water, deuterated ammonia when heavy water is used;[1] also from calcium oxideand solution of ammonium chlorideCarbon monoxide from pumiceimpregnated with oxalic acid and concentrated sulfuric acidSulfur dioxide from pumice impregnated with sodium metabisulfite (or sufficiently large pieces of sodium metabisulfite) and concentrated sulfuric acid, or from sodium hydrogen sulphite and concentrated sulfuric acidHydrogen chloride can be prepared from lumps of ammonium chloride and concentrated sulfuric acid[2]
Generally, weak acidic gases can be released from their metal salts by dilute acids, and sometimes just with water:[1]
Hydrogen sulfide from metal sulfidesHydrogen selenide from selenides, e.g. aluminium selenideHydrogen telluride from tellurides, e.g. aluminium tellurideSome hydrocarbons can be prepared from certain carbidesMethane from methanidesacetylene from acetylidesMethylacetylene and propadiene from sesquicarbides, e.g. magnesium carbideAmmonia from certain nitrides, e.g. magnesium nitridePhosphine from phosphides, e.g. calcium phosphide (often produced together with small amount of diphosphane)Arsine from arsenides, e.g. zinc arsenideStibine from antimonides, e.g. magnesium antimonideSilanes from some silicides (analogue of hydrocarbons, with number of silicon atoms
It later fell out of use, at least in laboratories, because most gases then became available in small gas cylinders. These industrial gasesare much purer and drier than those initially obtained from a Kipp apparatus without further processing.
Design and operationEdit
The apparatus is usually made of glass, or sometimes of polyethylene, and consists of three vertically stacked chambers, roughly resembling a snowman. The upper chamber extends downward as a tube that passes through the middle chamber into the lower chamber. There is no direct path between the middle and upper chambers, but the middle chamber is separated from the lower chamber by a retention plate, such as a conical piece of glass with small holes, which permits the passage of liquid and gas. The solid material (e.g., iron sulfide) is placed into the middle chamber in lumps sufficiently large to avoid falling through the retention plate. The liquid, such as an acid, is poured into the top chamber. Although the acid is free to flow down through the tube into the bottom chamber, it is prevented from rising there by the pressure of the gas contained above it, which is able to leave the apparatus only by a stopcock near the top of the middle chamber. This stopcock may be opened, initially to permit the air to leave the apparatus, allowing the liquid in the bottom chamber to rise through the retention plate into the middle chamber and react with the solid material. Gas is evolved from this reaction, which may be drawn off through the stopcock as desired. When the stopcock is closed, the pressure of the evolved gas in the middle chamber rises and pushes the acid back down into the bottom chamber, until it is not in contact with the solid material anymore. At that point the chemical reaction comes to a stop, until the stopcock is opened again and more gas is drawn off.
Kipp generators only work properly in the described manner if the solid material is insoluble in the acid, as otherwise the dissolved material would continue to evolve gas even after the level dropped. The produced gas often requires further purification and/or drying, due to content of water vapor and possibly mist if the reaction is vigorous.
Examples for prepared gases and their eductsEdit
For successful use in a Kipp's apparatus, the solid material has to be available in lumps large enough to stay on the retention plate without falling through its holes.
Hydrogen from zinc flakes or iron and hydrochloric acid or diluted sulfuric acidCarbon dioxide from pieces of marble(calcium carbonate) and hydrochloric acidHydrogen sulfide from iron(II) sulfide and hydrochloric acidAcetylene from calcium carbide and waterMethane from aluminium carbide and lukewarm water, deuterated methane (CD4) from aluminium carbide and heavy waterChlorine from potassium permanganate, calcium hypochlorite, or manganese dioxideand hydrochloric acid; also from barium ferrate and hydrochloric acidOxygen from calcium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide with a bit of nitric acid; also from barium ferrate and dilute sulfuric acidOzone from barium peroxide and concentrated sulfuric acidNitric oxide from copper turnings and diluted nitric acidNitrogen dioxide from copper turnings and concentrated nitric acidAmmonia from magnesium nitride and water, deuterated ammonia when heavy water is used;[1] also from calcium oxideand solution of ammonium chlorideCarbon monoxide from pumiceimpregnated with oxalic acid and concentrated sulfuric acidSulfur dioxide from pumice impregnated with sodium metabisulfite (or sufficiently large pieces of sodium metabisulfite) and concentrated sulfuric acid, or from sodium hydrogen sulphite and concentrated sulfuric acidHydrogen chloride can be prepared from lumps of ammonium chloride and concentrated sulfuric acid[2]
Generally, weak acidic gases can be released from their metal salts by dilute acids, and sometimes just with water:[1]
Hydrogen sulfide from metal sulfidesHydrogen selenide from selenides, e.g. aluminium selenideHydrogen telluride from tellurides, e.g. aluminium tellurideSome hydrocarbons can be prepared from certain carbidesMethane from methanidesacetylene from acetylidesMethylacetylene and propadiene from sesquicarbides, e.g. magnesium carbideAmmonia from certain nitrides, e.g. magnesium nitridePhosphine from phosphides, e.g. calcium phosphide (often produced together with small amount of diphosphane)Arsine from arsenides, e.g. zinc arsenideStibine from antimonides, e.g. magnesium antimonideSilanes from some silicides (analogue of hydrocarbons, with number of silicon atoms
Similar questions