how to understand the chemical quality of water with regards to ions present in it and developments in techniques used to purify water
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Depending on the quality of the feed water, and the final quality of water desired a variety of chemicals, or, no chemicals at all might apply. However, as a general block of information here though are some common chemicals that get used to purify water.
Chlorine is used as an oxidizing agent to cause iron to precipitate and be filtered.
Both Chlorine and Chloramine are used to kill bacteria, viruses and other organisms.
Iron, in the form of Ferric Sulfate and Ferric Chloride is used to flocculate sediment into large particles that can be mechanically filtered out.
Aluminum compounds such as Aluminum Chloro-hydrate, Aluminum Sulfate and Poly-Aluminum Chloride are also used as flocculantslab-experiment-flask-blue
Hydrochloric, Citric, and Sulfuric acids may be used to lower the pH of highly alkaline water
Sodium Hydroxide or (NaOH) may be used to Raise the pH of acidic water. Calcium Hydroxide, or Calcium Chloride may also be used
Ozone and Hydrogen may be used to kill bacteria
Sodium may be used in water softening where high-hardness calcium scale is problematic
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