how to write significance of reserach on project work of self esteem among orphanage boys and girls
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Populations can be defined as “vulnerable” using various parameters (Levine et al., 2004). Participants may be vulnerable due to socioeconomic status, age, gender, or simply the timing of the particular study as may occur in times of catastrophic illness, natural disasters, and political upheaval. Most regulatory and oversight documents for research involving human subjects obligate researchers to provide additional protections to vulnerable populations. For example, in the United States additional protections are specifically described for prisoners, pregnant women and fetuses, and children (US Department of Health and Human Services, n.d.). The ethical and legal obligation to provide additional protections to vulnerable subjects is derived from recognized principles of bioethics, including those three initially described in the Belmont Report: respect for persons, justice, and beneficence (US Department of Health and Human Services, 1979). Refinements to these principles, for example by Beauchamp and Childress, have enjoyed support, and are also reflected in major international guidance documents including the Declaration of Helsinki (Beauchamp, 2009). The common ethical commitment found in all protections of vulnerable research subjects is to protect those incapable of protecting themselves against harm or exploitation.