How vaccine is made.Explain the entire process.
Answers
Answer:
Required Answer:-
Two different organisms living together and both benefitted from each other, are known a
A.Saprophytic
B.Symbiotic ✓
C.Parasitic
D.Heterotrophs
As the name says, Symbiotic relationship is the type of relationship in which both the organisms are benefitted to each other. For Example: Lichen, Mistletoe etc..
What is Lichen?
Lichen is given as the name of the symbiotic relationship or mutualism between algae (phycobiont) and fungi (mucobiont). Algae acts as the producers and provides food to the fungi. In return, fungi provides shelter and water to algae.
Lichen is used as pollution indicator (especially, sulphur dioxide in atmosphere). It is also used in making litmus paper which is an acid-base indicator.
Answer:
Thus is How All
Explanation:
Weaken the virus
Using this strategy, viruses are weakened so they reproduce very poorly once inside the body. The vaccines for measles, mumps, German measles (rubella), rotavirus, oral polio (not used in the U.S.), chickenpox (varicella), and influenza (intranasal version) vaccines are made this way. Viruses usually cause disease by reproducing themselves many times in the body. Whereas natural viruses reproduce thousands of times during an infection, vaccine viruses usually reproduce fewer than 20 times. Because vaccine viruses don't reproduce very much, they don't cause disease, but vaccine viruses replicate well enough to induce "memory B cells" that protect against infection in the future. Find out more about these and other cells of the immune system.
The advantage of live, "weakened" vaccines is that one or two doses provide immunity that is usually life-long. The limitation of this approach is that these vaccines usually cannot be given to people with weakened immune systems (like people with cancer or AIDS). Find out more about what happens when the immune system doesn’t work properly.
Watch this video to see how viruses are weakened to make vaccines.
Inactivate the virus
Using this strategy, viruses are completely inactivated (or killed) with a chemical. By killing the virus, it cannot possibly reproduce itself or cause disease. The inactivated polio, hepatitis A, influenza (shot), and rabies vaccines are made this way. Because the virus is still "seen" by the body, cells of the immune system that protect against disease are generated.
There are two benefits to this approach:
The vaccine cannot cause even a mild form of the disease that it prevents
The vaccine can be given to people with weakened immune systems
However, the limitation of this approach is that it typically requires several doses to achieve immunity.
Use part of the virus
Using this strategy, just one part of the virus is removed and used as a vaccine. The hepatitis B, shingles, human papillomavirus (HPV), and one of the influenza vaccines are made this way. The vaccine is composed of a protein that resides on the surface of the virus. This strategy can be used when an immune response to one part of the virus (or bacteria) is responsible for protection against disease.
These vaccines can be given to people with weakened immunity and appear to induce long-lived immunity after two doses.
Watch this video to see how genetic engineering is used to make effective vaccines.
Use part of the bacteria
Some bacteria cause disease by making a harmful protein called a toxin. Several vaccines are made by taking toxins and inactivating them with a chemical (the toxin, once inactivated, is called a toxoid). By inactivating the toxin, it no longer causes disease. The diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccines are made this way
