How was Muhammad-bin Tughluq's
Deccan policy similar or different to Aurangzeb's
Deccan policy?
Answers
Answer:
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Explanation:
Muhammad bi Tughluq was the second ruler of the Tughluq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. His reign marked a watershed in the history of the Sultanate as during his reign, the Sultanate reached its peak in terms of political and territorial expansion.
It was also during his reign that the decline of the Empire set in. In this context, five of his measures have been discussed. They include - the establishment of a capital at Deogir, the introduction of token currency, the Khurasan expedition, the Qarachi expedition and the Doab experiment.
One of the most grossly misunderstood steps taken by Mauhammad bin Tughalaq was his so-called transfer of capital to Deogir which was renamed as Dauladabad, and the allege transferring of the masses of people from Delhi to Dauladabad. Barani places this event in 1326-1327. However, it appears from Isami that the Sultan orders the transferring of capital faster than the introduction of the token currency. Numismatic currency shows that the currency was introduced in 1329-1330. The change of the capital may therefore place in 1328-1329.
Different motives have been ascribed by the contemporary historians for his Deccan experiment. Ibn Battuta said that the shift stemmed from the fact that the residents from Delhi used to throw abusive letters to the palace. The Sultan could not bear the hostility of the people and asked them to move. However, this does not explain why the Sultan, in such an atmosphere of hatred, would ask the same people to move to Deogir, instead of leaving them behind. He also mentions that the Sultan made arrangements for the journey, and paid compensations to the emigrants. Such actions would not have been carried out had it been the intention of the Sultan to punish the people. Moreover the Sultan was known to be ruthless, and so could have punished the people itself. Thus, the incident of throwing letters, if at all true, must have been a reaction, and not the cause, of the exodus.
Isami also gives a similar reason to explain the experiment. He says that since the Sultan was suspicious (badguman) of the people (khalaq) of Delhi, he thought of driving them out in the direction of the Deccan in order to break their power. However, there are similar problems with this also. Isami’s narrative is biased as he attempts to show that a deep animosity existed between the Sultan and the people. Also, Muhammad bin Tughlaq himself spent very little time in Daulatabad, staying most of the time in Delhi itself.
Barani comes closer to the real motive when he says that the Sultan made Devnagiri his darul mulk (capital) to make it an administrative center as he had annexed most of the Deccan by this time, and because he thought it was more centrally situated. But apart from geographical inaccuracy of this statement, it must be noted that if Deogir could not be controlled from Delhi, then neither could Delhi be controlled from Deogir. Moreover, it would leave the administrative center in the north in a weak position, making the whole of northern India susceptible to invasions.
Mahdi Husain believes that economic and administrative factors such as central location and communication difficulties prompted the shift. He also points out to the diminishing fear of the Mongol invasions. Gardner Brown looks at the economic factors behind the move. Punjab and Delhi has lost their importance due to Mongol devastations over 100 years. Thus when Muhammad bin Tughlaq embarked upon his Deccan experiment and demanded the transfer of the capital to a region economically more prosperous to sustain the structure of an all-India empire. Mohammad Habib said that Muhammad bin Tughlaq decided to shift his capital to enable more direct control over the Deccan. Peter Jackson suggests that the main intention was to convert Delhi into a military encampment.
However the real reason seems to have political exigencies and the need to achieve political and administrative unity by integrating the northern and southern regions of the empire. Viewed from administrative act, the measure was a failure and was eventually abandoned by 1335-36, when the Sultan granted permission to those who wished to return to Delhi. Its immediate effect was widespread resentment against the Sultan. However, in the long-term, the Deccan experiment succeeded in breaking the barriers that separated the North from South. Muslim culture also spread there and many Muslim monuments came up in the Deccan. Also, Muslim strength in the Deccan increased, and when the disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate began, the Bahmani kingdom arose with Dauladabad as its capital.
Answer:
MUHAMMAD BIN TUGHLUQ Muhammad-bin-Tughluq was an ambitious ruler. By the time of his accession, he had established his control over Deogiri and Telangana in the South. Telengana was divided into several parts and a separate Governor was appointed for each part.
AURANGZEB
Deccan policy of Aurangzeb was motivated by the policy of containing the growing influence of the Marathas, the rebellious attitude of the Shia kingdoms of Deccan like Golkonda and Bijapur and to curtail the rebellious activities of his son Akbar who had taken refuge in the Deccan.