How was production carried out during the proto industrial period in Europe? Please don't spam...
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Proto-industrialization is the regional development, alongside commercial agriculture, of rural handicraft production for external markets. The term was introduced in the early 1970s by economic historians who argued that such developments in parts of Europe between the 16th and 19th centuries created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution.Later researchers suggested that similar conditions had arisen in other parts of the world. Most aspects of the theory have been challenged by other historians.
The term was coined by Franklin Mendels in his 1969 doctoral dissertation on the rural linen industry in 18th-century Flanders and popularized in his 1972 article based on that work.Mendels argued that using surplus labor, initially available during slow periods of the agricultural seasons, increased rural incomes, broke the monopolies of urban guild system and weakened rural traditions that had limited population growth. The resulting increase in population led to further growth in production, in a self-sustaining process that, Mendels claimed, created the labour, capital and entrepreneurial skill that led to industrialization.
Other historians expanded on these ideas in the 1970s and 1980s.In their 1979 book, Peter Kriedte, Hans Medick and Jürgen Schlumbohm expanded the theory into a broad account of the transformation of European society from feudalism to industrial capitalism. They viewed proto-industrialization as part of the second phase in this transformation, following the weakening of the manorial system in the High Middle Ages.Later historians identified similar situations in other parts of the world, including India, China, Japan and the former Muslim world.
The applicability of proto-industrialization in Europe has since been challenged. Martin Daunton, for example, argues that proto-industrialisation "excludes too much" to fully explain the expansion of industry: not only do proponents of proto-industrialisation ignore the vital town-based industries in pre-industrial economies, but also ignores "rural and urban industry based upon non-domestic organisation"; referring to how mines, mills, forges and furnaces fit into the agrarian economy.
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How was production carried out during the proto industrial period in Europe? Please don't spam...
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ғᴀᴠᴏᴜʀ ᴛʜᴇ ᴛᴇʀᴍ “ᴘʀᴏᴛᴏɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ” ᴛᴏ ᴅᴇsᴄʀɪʙᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ғᴏʀᴍ ᴏғ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴇᴍᴇʀɢᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ 16ᴛʜ ᴄᴇɴᴛᴜʀʏ. ᴛʜᴇ ᴡᴏʀᴅ ᴡᴀs ɪɴɪᴛɪᴀʟʟʏ ᴀᴘᴘʟɪᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴄᴏᴛᴛᴀɢᴇ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴇs ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴏᴜɴᴛʀʏsɪᴅᴇ. ɪɴ sᴘɪᴛᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴏᴘᴘᴏsɪᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴜʀʙᴀɴ ɢᴜɪʟᴅs, ʀᴜʀᴀʟ ʀᴇsɪᴅᴇɴᴛs ᴡᴇʀᴇ ᴘᴇʀғᴏʀᴍɪɴɢ ᴍᴀɴʏ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟ ᴛᴀsᴋs. ᴀɢʀɪᴄᴜʟᴛᴜʀᴀʟ ʟᴀʙᴏᴜʀ ᴅɪᴅ ɴᴏᴛ ᴏᴄᴄᴜᴘʏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘᴇᴀsᴀɴᴛs ᴅᴜʀɪɴɢ ᴛʜᴇ ᴇɴᴛɪʀᴇ ʏᴇᴀʀ, ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇʏ ᴅᴇᴠᴏᴛᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇɪʀ ғʀᴇᴇ ʜᴏᴜʀs ᴛᴏ sᴜᴄʜ ᴀᴄᴛɪᴠɪᴛɪᴇs ᴀs sᴘɪɴɴɪɴɢ ᴡᴏᴏʟ ᴏʀ ᴡᴇᴀᴠɪɴɢ ᴀɴᴅ ᴡᴀsʜɪɴɢ ᴄʟᴏᴛʜ. ᴘᴇᴀsᴀɴᴛs ᴜsᴜᴀʟʟʏ ᴡᴏʀᴋᴇᴅ ғᴏʀ ʟᴏᴡᴇʀ ʀᴇᴍᴜɴᴇʀᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴛʜᴀɴ ᴜʀʙᴀɴ ᴀʀᴛɪsᴀɴs. ᴘʀᴏᴛᴏɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ɢᴀᴠᴇ ʀᴜʀᴀʟ ʀᴇsɪᴅᴇɴᴛs sᴜᴘᴘʟᴇᴍᴇɴᴛᴀʀʏ ɪɴᴄᴏᴍᴇ, ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ᴄᴏɴғᴇʀʀᴇᴅ ᴀ ᴄᴇʀᴛᴀɪɴ ɪᴍᴍᴜɴɪᴛʏ ғʀᴏᴍ ʜᴀʀᴠᴇsᴛ ғᴀɪʟᴜʀᴇs; ɪᴛ ᴇɴᴀʙʟᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇᴍ ᴛᴏ ᴍᴀʀʀʏ ʏᴏᴜɴɢᴇʀ ᴀɴᴅ ʀᴇᴀʀ ʟᴀʀɢᴇʀ ғᴀᴍɪʟɪᴇs; ɪᴛ ᴘʀᴇᴘᴀʀᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇᴍ, sᴏᴄɪᴀʟʟʏ ᴀɴᴅ ᴘsʏᴄʜᴏʟᴏɢɪᴄᴀʟʟʏ, ғᴏʀ ᴇᴠᴇɴᴛᴜᴀʟ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ. ᴛʜᴇ ᴇғғᴏʀᴛs ᴏғ ᴜʀʙᴀɴ ɢᴜɪʟᴅs ᴛᴏ ʟɪᴍɪᴛ ʀᴜʀᴀʟ ᴡᴏʀᴋ ᴇɴᴊᴏʏᴇᴅ ᴏɴʟʏ ʟɪᴍɪᴛᴇᴅ sᴜᴄᴄᴇss; ɪɴ ᴇɴɢʟᴀɴᴅ, ғᴏʀᴇxᴀᴍᴘʟᴇ, ᴛʜᴇ ʀᴇsᴛʀɪᴄᴛɪᴏɴs sᴇᴇᴍ ʀᴀʀᴇʟʏ ᴛᴏ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ʙᴇᴇɴ ᴇɴғᴏʀᴄᴇᴅ. ᴄᴏᴛᴛᴀɢᴇ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴇs ᴄᴇʀᴛᴀɪɴʟʏ ᴇxɪsᴛᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍɪᴅᴅʟᴇ ᴀɢᴇs, ʙᴜᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴇᴄᴏɴᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴇxᴘᴀɴsɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ 16ᴛʜ ᴄᴇɴᴛᴜʀʏ ᴅɪғғᴜsᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇᴍ ᴏᴠᴇʀ ᴍᴜᴄʜ ʟᴀʀɢᴇʀ ᴀʀᴇᴀs ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴇᴜʀᴏᴘᴇᴀɴ ᴄᴏᴜɴᴛʀʏsɪᴅᴇ, ᴘᴇʀʜᴀᴘs ᴍᴏsᴛ ᴠɪsɪʙʟʏ ɪɴ ᴇɴɢʟᴀɴᴅ ᴀɴᴅ ᴡᴇsᴛᴇʀɴ ɢᴇʀᴍᴀɴʏ.
Tʜᴇ ᴘʀᴏᴅᴜᴄᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ғᴀʙʀɪᴄ ʀᴇᴍᴀɪɴᴇᴅ ᴇᴠᴇʀʏᴡʜᴇʀᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄʜɪᴇғ Eᴜʀᴏᴘᴇᴀɴ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀʏ, ʙᴜᴛ ᴛᴡᴏ ᴅᴇᴠᴇʟᴏᴘᴍᴇɴᴛs, ʙᴏᴛʜ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇᴍ ᴄᴏɴᴛɪɴᴜᴀᴛɪᴏɴs ᴏғ ᴍᴇᴅɪᴇᴠᴀʟ ᴄʜᴀɴɢᴇs, ᴀʀᴇ ɴᴏᴛᴇᴡᴏʀᴛʜʏ. Iɴ sᴏᴜᴛʜᴇʀɴ Eᴜʀᴏᴘᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴀᴋɪɴɢ ᴏғ sɪʟᴋ ᴄʟᴏᴛʜ, sᴛɪᴍᴜʟᴀᴛᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴛʜᴇ ʟᴜxᴜʀɪᴏᴜs ᴛᴀsᴛᴇs ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀɢᴇ, ɢᴀɪɴᴇᴅ ᴜɴᴘʀᴇᴄᴇᴅᴇɴᴛᴇᴅ ᴘʀᴏᴍɪɴᴇɴᴄᴇ. Lᴜᴄᴄᴀ, Bᴏʟᴏɢɴᴀ, ᴀɴᴅ Vᴇɴɪᴄᴇ ɪɴ Iᴛᴀʟʏ ᴀɴᴅ Sᴇᴠɪʟʟᴀ ᴀɴᴅ Gʀᴀɴᴀᴅᴀ ɪɴ Sᴘᴀɪɴ ɢᴀɪɴᴇᴅ ғʟᴏᴜʀɪsʜɪɴɢ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴇs. Eᴠᴇɴ ᴍᴏʀᴇ sᴘᴇᴄᴛᴀᴄᴜʟᴀʀ ɪɴ ɪᴛs ʀɪsᴇ ᴀs ᴀ ᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴇ ᴏғ sɪʟᴋ ᴍᴀɴᴜғᴀᴄᴛᴜʀᴇ ᴡᴀs ᴛʜᴇ ᴄɪᴛʏ ᴀɴᴅ ʀᴇɢɪᴏɴ ᴏғ Lʏᴏɴ ɪɴ ᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴀʟ Fʀᴀɴᴄᴇ. Lʏᴏɴ ᴡᴀs ᴀʟsᴏ ᴀ ᴘʀɪɴᴄɪᴘᴀʟ ғᴀɪʀ ᴛᴏᴡɴ, ᴡʜᴇʀᴇ ɢᴏᴏᴅs ᴏғ ɴᴏʀᴛʜᴇʀɴ ᴀɴᴅ sᴏᴜᴛʜᴇʀɴ Eᴜʀᴏᴘᴇ ᴡᴇʀᴇ ᴇxᴄʜᴀɴɢᴇᴅ. Iᴛ ᴡᴀs ɪᴅᴇᴀʟʟʏ ᴘʟᴀᴄᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴏʙᴛᴀɪɴ sɪʟᴋ ᴄᴏᴄᴏᴏɴs ᴏʀ ᴛʜʀᴇᴀᴅ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴛʜᴇ sᴏᴜᴛʜ ᴀɴᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴍᴀʀᴋᴇᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ғɪɴɪsʜᴇᴅ ᴄʟᴏᴛʜ ᴛᴏ ɴᴏʀᴛʜᴇʀɴ ᴘᴜʀᴄʜᴀsᴇʀs. Tʜᴇ sɪʟᴋ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀʏ ɪs ᴀʟsᴏ ɴᴏᴛᴀʙʟᴇ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴍᴏsᴛ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴡᴏʀᴋᴇʀs ɪᴛ ᴇᴍᴘʟᴏʏᴇᴅ ᴡᴇʀᴇ ᴡᴏᴍᴇɴ.
Aɴᴏᴛʜᴇʀ ᴍᴀᴊᴏʀ ɪɴɴᴏᴠᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ɪɴ 16ᴛʜ-ᴄᴇɴᴛᴜʀʏ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟ ʜɪsᴛᴏʀʏ ᴡᴀs ᴛʜᴇ ɢʀᴏᴡɪɴɢ ᴜsᴇ ᴏғ ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴀs ғᴜᴇʟ. Eɴɢʟᴀɴᴅ, ᴡɪᴛʜ ʀɪᴄʜ ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴍɪɴᴇs ʟᴏᴄᴀᴛᴇᴅ ᴄʟᴏsᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ sᴇᴀ, ᴄᴏᴜʟᴅ ᴛᴀᴋᴇ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄᴜʟᴀʀ ᴀᴅᴠᴀɴᴛᴀɢᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜɪs ᴄʜᴇᴀᴘ ᴍɪɴᴇʀᴀʟ ғᴜᴇʟ. Tʜᴇ ᴘᴏʀᴛ ᴏғ Nᴇᴡᴄᴀsᴛʟᴇ ɪɴ Nᴏʀᴛʜᴜᴍʙʀɪᴀ ᴇᴍᴇʀɢᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ 16ᴛʜ ᴄᴇɴᴛᴜʀʏ ᴀs ᴀ ᴘʀɪɴᴄɪᴘᴀʟ sᴜᴘᴘʟɪᴇʀ ᴏғ ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴛᴏ Lᴏɴᴅᴏɴ ᴄᴏɴsᴜᴍᴇʀs. As ʏᴇᴛ, ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴄᴏᴜʟᴅ ɴᴏᴛ ʙᴇ ᴜsᴇᴅ ғᴏʀ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅɪʀᴇᴄᴛ sᴍᴇʟᴛɪɴɢ ᴏғ ɪʀᴏɴ, ʙᴜᴛ ɪᴛ ғᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴡɪᴅᴇ ᴀᴘᴘʟɪᴄᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ɪɴ ɢʟᴀssᴍᴀᴋɪɴɢ, ʙʀɪᴄᴋ ʙᴀᴋɪɴɢ, ʙʀᴇᴡɪɴɢ, ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ʜᴇᴀᴛɪɴɢ ᴏғ ʜᴏᴍᴇs. Tʜᴇ ᴜsᴇ ᴏғ ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴇᴀsᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅᴇᴍᴀɴᴅ ᴏɴ Eɴɢʟᴀɴᴅ’s ʀᴀᴘɪᴅʟʏ ᴅɪᴍɪɴɪsʜɪɴɢ ғᴏʀᴇsᴛs ᴀɴᴅ ᴄᴏɴᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ɢʀᴏᴡᴛʜ ᴏғ ᴀ ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴛᴇᴄʜɴᴏʟᴏɢʏ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴡᴏᴜʟᴅ ᴍᴀᴋᴇ ᴀ ᴄʀᴜᴄɪᴀʟ ᴄᴏɴᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ʟᴀᴛᴇʀ Iɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟ Rᴇᴠᴏʟᴜᴛɪᴏɴ.
Aɴᴏᴛʜᴇʀ ᴍᴀᴊᴏʀ ɪɴɴᴏᴠᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ɪɴ 16ᴛʜ-ᴄᴇɴᴛᴜʀʏ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟ ʜɪsᴛᴏʀʏ ᴡᴀs ᴛʜᴇ ɢʀᴏᴡɪɴɢ ᴜsᴇ ᴏғ ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴀs ғᴜᴇʟ. Eɴɢʟᴀɴᴅ, ᴡɪᴛʜ ʀɪᴄʜ ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴍɪɴᴇs ʟᴏᴄᴀᴛᴇᴅ ᴄʟᴏsᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ sᴇᴀ, ᴄᴏᴜʟᴅ ᴛᴀᴋᴇ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄᴜʟᴀʀ ᴀᴅᴠᴀɴᴛᴀɢᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜɪs ᴄʜᴇᴀᴘ ᴍɪɴᴇʀᴀʟ ғᴜᴇʟ. Tʜᴇ ᴘᴏʀᴛ ᴏғ Nᴇᴡᴄᴀsᴛʟᴇ ɪɴ Nᴏʀᴛʜᴜᴍʙʀɪᴀ ᴇᴍᴇʀɢᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ 16ᴛʜ ᴄᴇɴᴛᴜʀʏ ᴀs ᴀ ᴘʀɪɴᴄɪᴘᴀʟ sᴜᴘᴘʟɪᴇʀ ᴏғ ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴛᴏ Lᴏɴᴅᴏɴ ᴄᴏɴsᴜᴍᴇʀs. As ʏᴇᴛ, ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴄᴏᴜʟᴅ ɴᴏᴛ ʙᴇ ᴜsᴇᴅ ғᴏʀ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅɪʀᴇᴄᴛ sᴍᴇʟᴛɪɴɢ ᴏғ ɪʀᴏɴ, ʙᴜᴛ ɪᴛ ғᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴡɪᴅᴇ ᴀᴘᴘʟɪᴄᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ɪɴ ɢʟᴀssᴍᴀᴋɪɴɢ, ʙʀɪᴄᴋ ʙᴀᴋɪɴɢ, ʙʀᴇᴡɪɴɢ, ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ʜᴇᴀᴛɪɴɢ ᴏғ ʜᴏᴍᴇs. Tʜᴇ ᴜsᴇ ᴏғ ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴇᴀsᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅᴇᴍᴀɴᴅ ᴏɴ Eɴɢʟᴀɴᴅ’s ʀᴀᴘɪᴅʟʏ ᴅɪᴍɪɴɪsʜɪɴɢ ғᴏʀᴇsᴛs ᴀɴᴅ ᴄᴏɴᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ɢʀᴏᴡᴛʜ ᴏғ ᴀ ᴄᴏᴀʟ ᴛᴇᴄʜɴᴏʟᴏɢʏ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴡᴏᴜʟᴅ ᴍᴀᴋᴇ ᴀ ᴄʀᴜᴄɪᴀʟ ᴄᴏɴᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ʟᴀᴛᴇʀ Iɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟ Rᴇᴠᴏʟᴜᴛɪᴏɴ.Iɴ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀʏ, ᴛʜᴇ 16ᴛʜ ᴄᴇɴᴛᴜʀʏ ᴡᴀs ɴᴏᴛ sᴏ ᴍᴜᴄʜ ᴀɴ ᴀɢᴇ ᴏғ ᴅʀᴀᴍᴀᴛɪᴄ ᴛᴇᴄʜɴᴏʟᴏɢɪᴄᴀʟ ᴅᴇᴘᴀʀᴛᴜʀᴇs; ʀᴀᴛʜᴇʀ, ɪᴛ ᴡɪᴛɴᴇssᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ sᴛᴇᴀᴅʏ ɪᴍᴘʀᴏᴠᴇᴍᴇɴᴛ ᴏғ ᴏʟᴅᴇʀ ᴛᴇᴄʜɴᴏʟᴏɢɪᴄᴀʟ ᴛʀᴀᴅɪᴛɪᴏɴs—ɪɴ sʜɪᴘʙᴜɪʟᴅɪɴɢ, ᴍɪɴɪɴɢ ᴀɴᴅ ᴍᴇᴛᴀʟʟᴜʀɢʏ, ɢʟᴀssᴍᴀᴋɪɴɢ, sɪʟᴋ ᴘʀᴏᴅᴜᴄᴛɪᴏɴ, ᴄʟᴏᴄᴋ ᴀɴᴅ ɪɴsᴛʀᴜᴍᴇɴᴛ ᴍᴀᴋɪɴɢ, ғɪʀᴇᴀʀᴍs, ᴀɴᴅ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀs. Eᴜʀᴏᴘᴇ sʟᴏᴡʟʏ ᴡɪᴅᴇɴᴇᴅ ɪᴛs ᴛᴇᴄʜɴᴏʟᴏɢɪᴄᴀʟ ᴇᴅɢᴇ ᴏᴠᴇʀ ɴᴏɴ-Eᴜʀᴏᴘᴇᴀɴ ᴄɪᴠɪʟɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴs. Mᴏsᴛ ᴇᴄᴏɴᴏᴍɪᴄ ʜɪsᴛᴏʀɪᴀɴs ғᴜʀᴛʜᴇʀ ʙᴇʟɪᴇᴠᴇ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴘʀᴏᴛᴏɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ, ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴏᴍᴍᴇʀᴄᴇ ᴛʜᴀᴛ sᴜᴘᴘʟɪᴇᴅ ᴀɴᴅ sᴜsᴛᴀɪɴᴇᴅ ɪᴛ, ʙᴇsᴛ ᴇxᴘʟᴀɪɴs ᴛʜᴇ ᴇᴀʀʟʏ ᴀᴄᴄᴜᴍᴜʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴs ᴏғ ᴄᴀᴘɪᴛᴀʟ ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ʙɪʀᴛʜ ᴏғ ᴀ ᴄᴀᴘɪᴛᴀʟɪsᴛ ᴇᴄᴏɴᴏᴍʏ.