How was the company rule
clifferent from Indian state
government?
Answers
Answer:The first English factory was set up on the banks of
the river Hugli in 1651. This was the base from which
the Company’s traders, known at that time as “factors”,
operated. The factory had a warehouse where goods
for export were stored, and it had offices where Company
officials sat. As trade expanded, the Company persuaded
merchants and traders to come and settle near the
factory. By 1696 it began building a fort around the
settlement. Two years later it bribed Mughal officials
into giving the Company zamindari rights over three
villages. One of these was Kalikata, which later grew
into the city of Calcutta or Kolkata as it is known today.
It also persuaded the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb to
issue a farman granting the Company the right to trade
duty free.
The Company tried continuously to press for more
Step-by-step explanation:
Company rule in India (sometimes, Company Raj,[6] "raj," lit. "rule" in Hindi[7]) refers to the rule or dominion of the British East India Company on the Indian subcontinent. This is variously taken to have commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the Company,[8] in 1765, when the Company was granted the diwani, or the right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Bihar,[9] or in 1773, when the Company established a capital in Calcutta, appointed its first Governor-General, Warren Hastings, and became directly involved in governance.[10] The rule lasted until 1858, when, after the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858, the British government assumed the task of directly administering India in the new British Raj.
The English East India Company ("the Company") was founded in 1600, as The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies. It gained a foothold in India with the establishment of a factory in Masulipatnam on the Eastern coast of India in 1611 and the grant of the rights to establish a factory in Surat in 1612 by the Mughal emperor Jahangir. In 1640, after receiving similar permission from the Vijayanagara ruler farther south, a second factory was established in Madras on the southeastern coast. Bombay island, not far from Surat, a former Portuguese outpost given to England as dowry in the marriage of Catherine of Braganza to Charles II, was leased by the Company in 1668. The First Anglo-Mughal War ended in 1690. Two decades later, the Company established a presence on the eastern coast as well; far up that coast, in the Ganges river delta, a factory was set up in Calcutta. Since, during this time other companies—established by the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and Danish—were similarly expanding in the region, the English Company's unremarkable beginnings on coastal India offered no clues to what would become a lengthy presence on the Indian subcontinent.
The Company's victory under Robert Clive in the 1757 Battle of Plassey and another victory in the 1764 Battle of Buxar (in Bihar), consolidated the Company's power, and forced emperor Shah Alam II to appoint it the diwan, or revenue collector, of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. The Company thus became the de facto ruler of large areas of the lower Gangetic plain by 1773. In 1793, the nizamat (local rule) was abolished by the Company. It took complete control of Bengal-Bihar region and the Nawabs stood as mere pensioners of the Company.[citation needed] It also proceeded by degrees to expand its dominions around Bombay and Madras. The Anglo-Mysore Wars (1766–99) and the Anglo-Maratha Wars (1772–1818) left it in control of large areas of India south of the Sutlej River. With the defeat of the Marathas, no native power represented a threat for the Company any longer.[11]
The expansion of the Company's power chiefly took two forms. The first of these was the outright annexation of Indian states and subsequent direct governance of the underlying regions, which collectively came to comprise British India. The annexed regions included the North-Western Provinces (comprising Rohilkhand, Gorakhpur, and the Doab) (1801), Delhi (1803), Assam ([Ahom Kingdom] 1828), and Sindh (1839 to 1843). Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, and Kashmir, were annexed after the Anglo-Sikh Wars in 1849–56 (Period of tenure of Marquess of Dalhousie Governor General); however, Kashmir was immediately sold under the Treaty of Amritsar (1850) to the Dogra Dynasty of Jammu, and thereby became a princely state. In 1854 Berar was annexed, and the state of Oudh two years later.[12]
The second form of asserting power involved treaties in which Indian rulers acknowledged the Company's hegemony in return for limited internal autonomy. Since the Company operated under financial constraints, it had to set up political underpinnings for its rule.[13] The most important such support came from the subsidiary alliances with Indian princes during the first 75 years of Company rule.[13] In the early 19th century, the territories of these princes accounted for two-thirds of India.[13] When an Indian ruler, who was able to secure his territory, wanted to enter such an alliance, the Company welcomed it as an economical method of indirect rule, which did not involve the economic costs of direct administration or the political costs of gaining the support of alien subjects.[14]
In return, the Company undertook the "defense of these subordinate allies and treated them with traditional respect and marks of honor."[14] Subsidiary alliances created the princely states, of the Hindu maharajas and the Muslim nawabs. Prominent among the princely states were: Cochin (1791), Jaipur (1794), Travancore (1795), Hyderabad (1798), Mysore (1799), Cis-Sutlej Hill States (1815), Central India Agency (1819), Cutch and Gujarat Gaikwad territories (1819), Rajputana (1818), and Bahawalpur (1833)