How was the romantic nationalism different from liberal nationalism? Elucidate.
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Answers
Romantic nationalism (also national romanticism, organic nationalism, identity nationalism) is the form of nationalism in which the state derives its political legitimacy as an organic consequence of the unity of those it governs. This includes, depending on the particular manner of practice, the language, race, ethnicity, culture, religion, and customs of the nation in its primal sense of those who were born within its culture. This form of nationalism arose in reaction to dynastic or imperial hegemony, which assessed the legitimacy of the state from the top down, emanating from a monarch or other authority, which justified its existence. Such downward-radiating power might ultimately derive from a god or gods (see the divine right of kings and the Mandate of Heaven).
Among the key themes of Romanticism, and its most enduring legacy, the cultural assertions of romantic nationalism have also been central in post-Enlightenment art and political philosophy. From its earliest stirrings, with their focus on the development of national languages and folklore, and the spiritual value of local customs and traditions, to the movements that would redraw the map of Europe and lead to calls for self-determination of nationalities, nationalism was one of the key issues in Romanticism, determining its roles, expressions and meanings. Romantic nationalism, resulting from this interaction between cultural production and political thought, became "the celebration of the nation (defined in its language, history and cultural character) as an inspiring ideal for artistic expression; and the instrumentalization of that expression in political consciousness-raising".
Historically in Europe, the watershed year for romantic nationalism was 1848, when a revolutionary wave spread across the continent; numerous nationalistic revolutions occurred in various fragmented regions (such as Italy) or multinational states (such as the Austrian Empire). While initially the revolutions fell to reactionary forces and the old order was quickly re-established, the many revolutions would mark the first step towards liberalization and the formation of modern nation states across much of Europe.
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Answer:
Romantic nationalism
The Western European concept of nationalism—the supposition that a unique group of people (a self-identified “nation”) possesses the right to sovereign, independent political existence (a state and government of its own)—was rooted in two forms of group consciousness. One constituted identities originating in the traditional, increasingly secularized monarchical states that were modified by the rationalistic principles of science, the Enlightenment, and liberalism. It was state and civic oriented and emphasized the militant support of the state’s collective citizenry and the sanctity of the state’s territorial sovereignty.
Liberal nationalism
Nationalism is often associated with an unthinking devotion to one’s country and traditions that is dangerous to outsiders. It is often associated with the sort of deeply emotional commitment to one’s nation – over and against all others – that leads to atrocities like those committed by the National Socialists in Germany in the 1930s. This has led figures like John Dunn to call nationalism “the starkest political shame of the twentieth century, the deepest, most intractable and yet most unanticipated blot on the political history of the world since the year 1900” . That nationalism is inherently dangerous seems obvious to many, for in the words of Michael Ignatieff, “if a nation gives people a reason to sacrifice themselves, it also gives them a reason to kill”
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