how was the society in eighteenth century india?
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In the middle of the 1980s two books published within a few years of each other,
Christopher Bayly‟s Rulers, Townsmen and Bazars and Muzaffar Alam‟s The Crisis of Empire
in Mughal North India brought a renewed focus on the 18th century. The 18th century had
always been important in Indian history. Generally it was seen as a period of transition in
which the land-based Mughal empire gave way to the power of the sea-based British
empire. The consensus till the 1980s was that the moribund Mughal state had collapsed due
to its own contradictions and the English East India Company representing the aggressive
mercantilist forces of the West had taken advantage of the ensuing confusion to subjugate
and reduce India to a colony. The transition was not simply political – one regime replacing
another, but also economic: the pre-modern economy of the Mughals was forcibly linked to
world capitalist markets to India‟s detriment. For Indian historians, the 18th century
signalled the beginning of a new historical era of pillage and colonial rule.
Christopher Bayly‟s Rulers, Townsmen and Bazars and Muzaffar Alam‟s The Crisis of Empire
in Mughal North India brought a renewed focus on the 18th century. The 18th century had
always been important in Indian history. Generally it was seen as a period of transition in
which the land-based Mughal empire gave way to the power of the sea-based British
empire. The consensus till the 1980s was that the moribund Mughal state had collapsed due
to its own contradictions and the English East India Company representing the aggressive
mercantilist forces of the West had taken advantage of the ensuing confusion to subjugate
and reduce India to a colony. The transition was not simply political – one regime replacing
another, but also economic: the pre-modern economy of the Mughals was forcibly linked to
world capitalist markets to India‟s detriment. For Indian historians, the 18th century
signalled the beginning of a new historical era of pillage and colonial rule.
Answered by
20
Social life and culture in the 18th century were marked by stagnation and dependence on the past. There was of course, no uniformity of culture and social patterns all over the country. Not did all Hindus and all Muslims form distinct societies. People were divided by religion, region, tribe, language and caste.
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