How well do humans share the planet with other species? please explain
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The diversity of life
This could not be a better place to start with the diversity of life. A short walk around this great building will illustrate the extraordinary diversity of life on this planet.
So Beatrice, newly born, [in the middle], shares the planet with an orchid [top left], an oryx [bottom left], a diatom [bottom right], and [top right] - an organism which she might not be quite so keen to share the planet with - a head louse. Sadly head lice are very common, so she may find it quite hard to get away without sharing her head with a head louse at some time.
Sharing our genome
We share our planet with other species in several ways. Firstly we share the basic mechanisms of life; we share our genomes - the basic constituents of our biochemistry, of our inheritance.
This slide depicts a very large and extensive family tree, which links all of life on earth, from its very beginning 5 billion years ago until the present. You can just about see that there are various periods of extinction. There is a little triangle of white towards the right, which is when the diplodocus - which sits in the centre of this room - disappeared from the planet. The common denominator of all the species on this is nucleic acids.
It is worth pausing for a moment just to recognise the extent to which we do share our genomic sequence, both amongst ourselves and with different species. The person sitting next to you in the audience - assuming they are not a blood relative - will be different from you at about 1 in every 1,000 base pairs. That genetic variation accounts for all of the extraordinary genetic variation between humans.
But of course we are also remarkably similar to other species. The chimpanzee shows only about 2 differences per 100 base pairs between people and chimps - so 98% of the sequence is identical. Even the mouse, which we think of as a rather different mammal, shows only 40 differences per 100 base pairs. Moving back on that evolutionary tree you can see small regions of similarity between people and nematode worms. In fact those small regions of similarity - set out in blue on the slide - actually mark the parts of the genome that really matter, that encode the structural proteins in the nematode and in humans. That genetic sharing is very profound and brings all of the organisms in this museum, alive and dead, together.
Sharing our environment
But we also share our environment. Much of what I am going to talk about over the next few minutes is about the challenges of humans sharing our environment with other species.
Here we have the migration of millions of crabs - between 40 and 45 million - on Christmas Island, where they migrate over land to lay their eggs in the ocean. This of course is where they encounter the obstructions that human beings lay in their way - which in the case of red crabs are managed by road closures. The challenges to other species from human infrastructure can be absolutely extraordinary, and I will explore that a little bit more over the next few minutes