Question

How well does the study design address causation
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Answer 1

Identifying causes, figuring out why things happen, is the goal of most social science research. Unfortunately, valid explanations of the causes of social phenomena do not come easily. Since the 1990s, violent crime victimization rates according to the National Crime Victimization Survey have been declining steadily (Catalano 2006). However, decreases in homicide rates have not been uniform across race or ethnicity, age, or geographic location (Ousey & Lee 2004). And in some cities, rates of violence have begun to increase tremen- dously. For example, by June 1 of 2006, there had already been 803 shooting victims in Philadelphia, which compared to 697 shooting victims by the same time in 2005 (Philadelphia Inquirer 2006). Similar increases have been observed in other small cities including Sacramento, CA, Syracuse, NY, and Boston, MA (Stone 2006).
Is the recent rise in violence observed in some cities due to “anger over the Sept. 11 ter- rorist attack and the economic downturn” (Kershaw 2002:A10)? The release of hard-core convicts who had been imprisoned during the crime wave of the 1980s and early 1990s (Liptak 2004)? Simply a “crime-drop party is over” phenomenon, as criminologist James Alan Fox has suggested (cited in Lichtblau 2000:A2)? And why has the violent crime rate continued its downward trend in some cities like New York City (Dewan 2004a:A25)? Is

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Answer 2

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