Question

how were forest Law enacted

Answer 1

The Kalangs of Java were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivatorsWhen the Dutch began to gain control over the forests in the eighteenth century, they tried to make the Kalangs work under themIn the nineteenth century, when it became important to control territory and not just people, the Dutch enacted forest laws in JavaThe laws restricted the native villagers from accessing forestsWood was only cut for specified purposes like making riverboats or constructing houses, and only from specific forests under close supervisionVillagers were punished for grazing cattle in these forests, transporting wood without a permit, or travelling on forest roads with horse carts or cattle.​​

Answer 2

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(i) The Dutch enacted forest laws in Java to restrict villagers' access to forests.

(ii) Now wood cutting was done only for specific purposes like making boats, constructing houses under close supervision, etc.

(iii) Villagers were punished for grazing cattle, transporting wood without a permit or travelling through forests with horse carts or cattle.